English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 110941/141868 (78%)
Visitors : 47529970      Online Users : 950
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/76463


    Title: 波蘭總統專機墜毀事件的媒體框架分析:一個波蘭與俄羅斯的比較研究
    Media Framing of the 2010 Polish Air Force Crash – A Comparative Content Analysis of Media Coverage in Poland and Russia
    Authors: 高若琳
    Goebel, Karolina
    Contributors: 施琮仁
    Shih, Tsung Jen
    高若琳
    Goebel, Karolina
    Keywords: 媒體框架
    內容分析
    比較研究
    波蘭總統專機墜毀事件
    Media Framing
    Content Analysis
    Comparative Study
    2010 Polish presidential plane crash
    Date: 2015
    Issue Date: 2015-07-13 11:14:36 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文探討了如何選定波蘭(TVN24)和俄羅斯(RT)新聞媒體誣陷,來源和歸屬於斯摩棱斯克,俄羅斯,2010年波蘭總統專機墜毀從2010年4月10日的新聞報導的責任2011年1月20日。
    This paper examines how selected Polish (TVN24) and Russian (RT) news media framed, sourced and attributed the responsibility in the news coverage of the 2010 Polish Presidential plane crash in Smolensk, Russia, from April 10, 2010 to January 20, 2011. Through a content analysis of 519 news stories, this study shows that the most common frames were attribution of responsibility, human interest, international relations, conflict, con-spiracy theories, and Katyn Forest massacre for TVN24, and attribution of responsibility, in-ternational relations, human interest, conspiracy theories, conflict, and Katyn Forest massacre for RT. In the media coverage of the plane crash frames changed over time as the unfolding event brought attention to new issues. Additionally, results showed that both outlets put the responsibility for the crash on pilots. The most common sources in the two media outlets were politicians/officials and experts.
    Reference: 1. 2010 World Press Freedom Index. (n.d.). Retrieved 23 April, 2015 from http://index.rsf.org/#!/
    2. Amoroso, D. (2011). Moving towards complicity as a criteria of attribution of private conducts: imputation to states of corporate abuses in the US case law. Leiden Journal of International Law, 24 (4), 989-1007.
    3. An, S.K., & Gower, K.K. (2009). How do the news media frame crises? A content analysis of crisis news coverage. Public Relations Review, 35, 107-112.
    4. Arceneaux, K., & Stein, R.M. (2006). Who is held responsible when disaster strikes? The attribution of responsibility for a natural disaster in an urban election. Journal of Urban Affairs, 28 (1), 43-53.
    5. Arthur, J.B. (2012, April 25). Framing child neglect: A content analysis of national and regional U.S. newspaper coverage. A Capstone Project, presented to the faculty of the School of Communication in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Public Communication.
    6. Aslund, A., & Kuchins, A. (2009). Pressing the “reset button” on U.S. – Russia rela-tions. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C.
    7. Bahador, B. (2007). The CNN effect in action: How the news media pushed the west toward war in Kosovo. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    8. Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J.M. (1997). Observing interaction: An introduction to se-quential analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    9. Baysha, O., & Hallahan, K. (2004). Media framing of the Ukrainian political crisis, 2000-2001. Journalism Studies, 5(2), 233-246, DOI: 10.1080/1461670042000211203.
    10. Bennet, W.L. (1990). Toward a theory of press-state relations in the United States. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 467-485.
    11. Bennet, W. L. (1995). News: The politics of illusion. New York: Longman.
    12. Bly, T. (2002). Impact of public perception on US national policy: a study of media influence in military and government decision making, Monterey, CA: Naval Post-graduate School.
    13. Brams, S.J. (1975). Game theory and politics. New York, NY: Free Press.
    14. Brennan, R.L., & Prediger, D.J. (1981). Coefficient Kappa: Some uses, misuses, and alternatives. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41(3), 687-699.
    15. Bryla, M. (2013, April 10). Skąd się biorą smoleńskie teorie spiskowe? „Polacy wolą wierzyć, że inni chcą nam zaszkodzić”. Gazeta.pl. Retrieved from http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114871,13705777,Skad_sie_biora_smolenskie_teorie_spiskowe___Polacy.html
    16. Cammaerts, B. (2012). The strategic use of metaphors by political and media elites: The 2007-11 Belgian constitutional crisis. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 8 (2/3), 229-249. DOI: 10.1386/macp.8.2-3.229_1.
    17. Cappella, J., & Jamieson, K. (1997). Spiral of cynicism. New York: Oxford University Press.
    18. Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., & Simmons, B.A. (2013). Handbook of international rela-tions. London: Sage.
    19. Chang, P.K., Faridah, I., Fauziah, A., & Chew, C.K. (2012). Frame contention be-tween news sources and news media: Framing the dispute of teaching mathematics and science in English. Asian Social Science, 8(5), 16-28.
    20. Cheremushkin, P. (2002). Russian-Polish relations: A long way from stereotypes to reconciliation. Intermarium, 5 (3), 1-30.
    21. Cho, S.H., & Gower, K.K. (2006). Framing effect on the public’s response to crisis: Human interest frame and crisis type influencing responsibility and blame. Public Re-lations Review, 32 (4), 420-422.
    22. Chong, D., & Druckman, J.N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103-126.
    23. Chu, K. (2010). Framing Chinese migrant workers: A comparison of media coverage in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper 11850.
    24. Cichocki, B. (2013). Stosunki z Rosją po pięciu latach polskiej polityki normalizacji. Kwartalnik Biura Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, 27, 29 - 48.
    25. Cohen, B. (1963). The press and foreign policy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
    26. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psy-chological Measurement, 20, 37-46.
    27. Cohen, L.R. (2013). Smolensk under the Nazis. Everyday life in occupied Russia. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
    28. Cohen, Y. (1986). Media diplomacy: The foreign office in the mass communications age. London: Frank Cass.
    29. Constitution of the Republic of Poland (1997). Retrieved 14 October 2014, from http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm
    30. Cross, K.A. (2010). Experts in the news: The differential use of sources in election television news. Canadian Journal of Communication, 35 (3), 413-430.
    31. Davison, W.P. (1974). News media and international negotiations. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 38 (2), 174-191.
    32. Dabrowski, M. (2011). Medialna dżungla luster. Wydawnictwo ANTYK Marcin Dy-bowski.
    33. De Vreese, C.H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal Document Design 13 (1), 51-62.
    34. De Vreese, C.H., Peter, J., & Semetko, H.A. (2001). Framing politics at the launch of the Euro: A cross-national comparative study of frames in the news. Political Commu-nication, 18 (2), 107-122.
    35. Dickson, S.H. (1992). Press and US policy toward Nicaragua, 1983-1987: A study of the New York Times and Washington Post. Journalism Quarterly, 69, 562-571.
    36. Dimitrova, D.V., & Stromback, J. (2005). Mission accomplished? Framing of the Iraq war in the elite newspaper in Sweden and the United States. The International Journal for Communication Studies, 67(5), 399-417.
    37. Dittmer, L. (1977). Political culture and political symbolism: Toward a theoretical synthesis. World Politics, 29 (4), 552-583.
    38. Dobek-Ostrowska, B. (2011). Polski system medialny na rozdrożu. Media w polityce, polityka w mediach. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
    39. Edelman, M. (1964). The symbolic uses of politics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
    40. Entman, R.M (1991). Framing U.S. coverage of international news: Contrasts in narra-tives of the KAL and Iran air incidents. The Journal of Communication, 41(4), 6-27.
    41. Entman, R.M (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. The Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58.
    42. Evans, M. (2008). The effect of media framing on international affairs: the Israeli – Palestinian Conflict. San Francisco. Retrieved from http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/4/2/6/pages25426 6/p254266-1.php.
    43. Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman.
    44. Faridah, I., Latiffah, P., Chang, P.K., Fuziah, K.H.B., Badrul, R.A.H, & Wan, A.W.M. (2011). Journalists and news sources: Implications of professionalism in war reporting. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 16 (3), 1-12.
    45. Fischer, B., & Swierczynska – Glownia, W. (2008). Dostęp do informacji ustawowo chronionych, zarządzanie informacją – zagadnienia podstawowe dla dziennikarzy. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
    46. Fishman, M. (1980). Manufacturing the news. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
    47. Fry, J.D. (2014). Attribution of responsibility. SHARES Research Paper 37. Retrieved from http://www.sharesproject.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/SHARES-RP-37-final.pdf.
    48. Gamson, W.A. (1992). Talking politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    49. Gamson, W.A. (2004). Bystanders, public opinion, and the media. In D.A. Snow, S.A. Soule, & H. Kriesi (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 242-261). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    50. Gans, H.J. (1979). Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
    51. Gasior, M. (n.d.). W TVN nie wolno żartować z PO? Politycy PiS: wiemy to od daw-na. Ale bojkotu nie będzie. Natemat.pl. Retrieved from: http://natemat.pl/28243,w-tvn-nie-wolno-zartowac-z-po-politycy-pis-wiemy-to-od-dawna-ale-bojkotu-nie-bedzie#
    52. Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching. Mass media in the making and unmak-ing of the new left, with a new preface (1st ed.). University of California Press.
    53. Goffman, E. (1972). Frame analysis. New York: Harper and Row.
    54. Gowing, N. (1994). Real-time television coverage of armed conflicts and diplomatic crises: does it pressure or distort foreign policy decisions? Harvard working paper, Cambridge, MA: The Joan Shorenstein Barone Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard University. http://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/1994_ 01_gowing.pdf
    55. Graber, D. (1988). Processing the news: How people tame the information tide. New York: Longman.
    56. Graber, D. (1993). Mass media and American politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
    57. Griffiths, M., & O’Callaghan, T. (2012). International relations: the key concepts. London and New York: Routledge.
    58. Grodzki, R. (2010). Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie – nowe otwarcie? In J. Dobrowolska-Polak, M. Goetz, P. Cichocki (Eds.), Biuletyn Instytutu Zachodniego, 38, (pp. 1-11).
    59. Grzyb, T., & Dolinski, D. (2013). The Smolensk disaster and the dynamics of death-related thoughts accessibility. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 1(1), 184-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v1i1.34
    60. Hackett, R.A. (1985). A hierarchy of access: Aspects of source bias in Canadian TV news. Journalism Quarterly, 62(2), 256-277.
    61. Hall, S., Clark, J.N., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the cri-sis: Mugging, the state, and law and order. London: Macmillan.
    62. Hallahan, K. (1999). Seven models of framing: Implications for public relations. Jour-nal of Public Relations Research, 11(3), 205-242.
    63. Hermida, A., Lewis, S.C., & Rodrigo, Z. (April, 2012). Sourcing the Arab Spring: A case study of Andy Carvin’s sources during the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Online Journalism in Austin, TX. Retrieved from: https://online.journalism.utexas.edu/2012/papers/Hermida.pdf
    64. Hertog, J.K. (2000). Elite press coverage of the 1986 US – Libya conflict: A case study of tactical and strategic critique. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77 (3), 612-627.
    65. Hertog, J.K., & McLeod, D.M. (2001). A multiperspectival approach to framing anal-ysis: A field guide. In S.D. Reese, O.H. Gandy, & A.E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life, (pp. 139-162). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    66. Heyman, W. (2008, May 18). A voice of Mother Russia, in English. The New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/arts/television/18heym.html?
    pagewanted=print&_r=0
    67. Holt, L.F., & Major, L. H. (2010). Frame and blame: An analysis of how national and local newspapers framed the Jena Six controversy. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87 (3/4), 582 – 597.
    68. Investors TVN Group. Retrieved 23 June 2015 from http://www.itiholdings.com/index.php/Investors/TVNGroup/
    69. Iyengar, S. (1987). Television news and citizens’ explanations of national affairs. American Political Science Review, 81, 815-831.
    70. Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    71. Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D.R. (1987). News that matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    72. Jakobsen, P.V. (2000). Focus on the CNN effect misses the point: The real media im-pact on conflict management is invisible and indirect. Journal of Peace Research, 37 (2), 131-143.
    73. Jamieson, K.H., Hardy, B., & Romer, D., (2007). The effectiveness of the press in serving the needs of American democracy. In K.H. Jamieson (Ed.), A Republic divid-ed: The Annenberg democracy project, (pp. 21-51). New York: Oxford University Press.
    74. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psy-chologist, 28, 107-128.
    75. Kaid, L.L., Harville, B. Ballotti, J., & Wawrzyniak, M. (1993). Telling the Gulf War story: Coverage in five papers. In B. S. Greenberg, W. Glants (Eds. ), Desert storm and the mass media, (pp. 86-98). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
    76. Kerlinger, F.N. (1973). Foundations of Behavioral Research (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
    77. Kotler, P., Haider, D.H, & Reing, I. (1993). Marketing places: Attracting investment, industry and tourism to cities, states and nations. New York: Free Press.
    78. Krasko, P. (2011). Smoleńsk. 10 kwietnia 2010. Warsaw: GJ Gruner Jahr Sp.z.o.o. and Co.
    79. Krippendorff, K. (1980). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. New-bury Park, CA: Sage.
    80. Kunczik, M. (1997). Images of nations and international public relations. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    81. Lasorsa, D., & Reese, S. (1990). News source use in the crash of 1987: A study of four national media. Journalism Quarterly, 67 (1), 60-71.
    82. Lee, Y.J., & Kim, S. (2010). Media framing in corporate social responsibility. A Korea – U.S. comparative study. International Journal of Communication, 4, 283-301.
    83. Levendusky, M.S. (2013). Why do partisan media polarize viewers? American Journal of Political Science, 57(3), 611-623.
    84. Li, X., Lindsay, L.F., & Mogensen, K. (2002). Media in a crisis situation involving national interest: A content analysis of the TV networks coverage of the 9/11 incident during the first eight hours. Presented to the Radio-Television Division at the Associa-tion for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), Miami Beach, FL.
    85. Lynch, S. & Peer, L. (2002). Analyzing newspaper content. A how-to guide including national comparison data for U.S. daily newspapers. Readership Institute. Retrieved from http://www.readership.org/content/content_analysis/data/how-to.pdf
    86. Machalski, P. (2011). Polska i Rosja po 10 kwietnia 2010r. – jeszcze trudniejsze są-siedztwo, czy szansa na dialog? UMK Toruń.
    87. Maciazek, P. (2011). Zrozumieć Rosję. Białe plamy - czarne plamy w relacjach polsko – rosyjskich. Retrieved from http://www.stosunkimiedzynarodowe.info/artykul,901,Zrozumiec_ Ro-sje_%22Biale_plamy_-_Czarne_plamy%22_w_relacjach_polsko-rosyjskich.
    88. Macnamara, J. (2005). Media content analysis: Its uses, benefits and best practice methodology. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 6(1), 1-34.
    89. Maslog, C. C., Lee, S. T., & Kim, H. S. (2006). Framing analysis of a conflict: How newspapers in five Asian countries covered the Iraq War. Asian Journal of Communi-cation, 16 (1), 19-39.
    90. Matthews, J. (2010). News sources and perceptual effects: An analysis of source at-tribution within news coverage of alleged terrorist plots. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Bournemouth University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/16207/1/ Mat-thews,James-Ph.D.2010.pdf
    91. Mastin, T., Choi, J., Barboza, G., & Post, I. (2007). Newspaper’s framing of elder abuse. It’s not a family affair. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84 (4), 777-794.
    92. Miller, M.M., & Riechert, B.P. (2001). Frame mapping: a quantitative method for in-vestigating issues in the public sphere. In M.D. West, Applications of computer content analysis, (pp. 61-75). Westport, CT & London, England: Ablex Pub.
    93. McQuail, D. (2005). McQuail’s mass communication theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    94. MSWiA: Polska występowała o kopie nagrań, dostała odpis stenogramów. (2011, 13 January). Onet.pl. Retrieved from http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/mswia-polska-wystepowala-o-kopie-nagran-dostala-odpis-stenogramow/2wp7n
    95. Nagorski, A. (2008). Poland’s President Kaczynski Dings Russia. Newsweek. Re-trieved from http://www.newsweek.com/polands-president-kaczynski-dings-russia-89311.
    96. Neiva, E. (2007). Communication Games. The Semiotic Foundation of Culture. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    97. Neuman, J. (1996). The media’s impact on international relations: then and now. SAIS Review, 16 (1), 109- 123.
    98. Neuman, W.R., Just, M.R., & Crigler, A.N. (1992). Common knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    99. Nicholson, M. (1987). Misperception and satisficing in international conflict. In C. Cioffi – Revilla, R.L. Merritt, D.A. Zinnes (Eds.), Communication and interaction in global politics, (pp. 117 – 139). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, INC.
    100. Ochman, E. (2013). Post - Communist Poland. Contested Pasts and Future Identities. London & New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
    101. Olausson, U. (2009). Global warming- global responsibility? Media frames of collective action and scientific certainty. Public Understanding of Science, 18, 421-436.
    102. Osborn, A. (2005, August 16). Russia’s ‘CNN’ wants to tell it like it is. Theage.com.au. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/russias-cnn-wants-to-tell-it-like-it-is/2005/08/15/1123958007022.html
    103. Pan, Z.P., & Kosicki, G.M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55-75.
    104. Parenti, M. (1999). Methods of media manipulation. In R.E., Hiebert, (Ed.), Impact of mass media. Current issues (4th ed.), (pp. 120 – 124), Longman.
    105. Patterson, T. (1993). Out of order. New York: Knopf.
    106. Pavlik, J.V. (2008). Media in the digital age. Columbia University Press.
    107. Peter, J., & Lauf, E. (2002). Reliability in cross-national content analysis. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 815-832.
    108. Pifer, S. (2009). Reversing the decline: an agenda for U.S. – Russian relations in 2009. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.
    109. Polinceusz, L. (2009). Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie w 70. rocznicę II wojny świa-towej. Retrieved from http://www.stosunkimiedzynarodowe.info/artykul,475,Stosunki_polsko-rosyjskie_w_70_rocznice_II_Wojny_Swiatowej
    110. Polityczne tło katastrofy smoleńskiej. (2010). Law and Justice. Retrieved from http://www.pis.org.pl/article.php?id=17718
    111. Przewoznik, A. (2010). Katyń. Zbrodnia, prawda, pamięć. Warsaw: Świat Książki.
    112. Public Opinion Research Center (2008, May). Memory of the Katyn Massacre and the evaluation of its impact on the Polish-Russian relation. BS/70/2008. Retrieved from http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2008/K_070_08.PDF
    113. Public Opinion Research Center (2010, May). Public opinion about Katyn Massacre and its significance for Polish – Russian relations. BS/67/2010. Retrieved from http://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2010/K_067_10.PDF
    114. Putnam, L.L, & Shoemaker, M. (2007). Changes in conflict framing in the news coverage of an environmental conflict. Journal of Dispute Resolution, 1, 1-10.
    115. Raport końcowy w sprawie ustalenia okoliczności i przyczyn katastrofy samolotu Tu-154M Nr 101 pod Smoleńskiem. (2011). Komisja Badań Wypadków Lotniczych Lotnictwa Państwowego. Retrieved from http://mswia.datacenter-poland.pl/RaportKoncowyTu-154M.pdf
    116. Raport końcowy z badania zdarzenia lotniczego. (2011). Międzypaństwowy Komitet Lotniczy - Komisja Badań Wypadków Lotniczych. Retrieved from http://91.210.209.189/Uwagi-wersjapolska.pdf
    117. Reese, S.D. (2003). Prologue – framing public life: A bridging model for media research. In S.D. Reese, O.H. Jr. Gandy, A.E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life. Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world, (pp. 7-31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    118. Robinson, P. (2002). The CNN effect: The myth of news media, foreign policy and intervention. London: Routledge.
    119. Robinson, P. (2013). Media as driving force in international politics: The CNN effect and related debates. Retrieved from http://www.e-ir.info/2013/09/17/media-as-a-driving-force-in-international-politics-the-cnn-effect-and-related-debates/#_ftn5
    120. Rogoz, M. (2011). Smolensk plane crash in Polish daily press. Media Research Issue, 1-2, 11-25.
    121. Rojansky, M. &, Collins, J.F. (2010). A reset for the U.S. – Russia values gap. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved from http://carnegieendowment.org/files/russia_values _gap.pdf
    122. Rozenek, A. (2011). Russia-Poland: Neighbors should not quarrel. Retrieved from http://www.eurodialogue.eu/Russia-Poland-Neighbors-should-not-quarrel
    123. Russia Today most popular foreign news channel in key U.S. cities. (2012, June 6). The Moscow Times. Retrieved from http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russia-today-most-popular-foreign-news-channel-in-key-us-cities/459924.html
    124. Saleem, N. (2007). U.S. media framing of foreign countries image: An analyti-cal perspective. Canadian Journal of Media Studies, 2 (1), 130-162.
    125. Samaras, A.N. (2002). Frames and framing in international relations. Defensor Pacis, 11, 71-96.
    126. Satter, D. (2012). It was a long time ago, and it never happened anyway. Russia and the communist past. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
    127. Savage, L.J. (1977). The Foundations of Statistics (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
    128. Scheufele, D.A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effect. The Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103-122.
    129. Schlesinger, P. (1990). Rethinking the sociology of journalism: Source strate-gies and the limits of media centrism. In M., Ferguson, (Ed.), Public communication: The new imperatives, (pp. 61-83). London: Sage.
    130. Schwalbe, C.B., Silcock, B.W., & Keith, S. (2008). Visual framing of the early weeks of the U.S-led invasion on Iraq: Applying the master war narrative to electronic and print images. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(3), 448-465.
    131. Semetko, H.A. & Valkenburg, P.M. (2000). Framing European politics: a con-tent analysis of press and television news. The Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93-109.
    132. Shaw, M. (1993). Civil society and media in global crisis. London: St. Martin’s Press.
    133. Shoemaker, P.J., & Reese, S.D. (1991). Mediating the message: Theories of in-fluences on mass media content. London: Longman.
    134. Shoemaker, P.J., & Reese, S.D. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of in-fluences on mass media content (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
    135. Sigal, L.V. (1973). Reporters and officials: The organization and politics of newsmaking. In H. Tumber (Ed.), News: A reader, (pp. 224-234). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    136. Soderlund, W.C., & Schmitt, C. (1986). El Salvador’s civil war as seen in North and South American press. Journalism Quarterly, 63(2), 268-274.
    137. Soderlund, W.C., Wagenberg, R.H., & Surlin, S.H. (1989). The impact of the end of the Cold War on Canadian and American TV news coverage of Cuba: Image consistency or image change? Canadian Journal of Communication, 23 (2), 217-231.
    138. Sopory, P., & Dillard, J.P. (2002). The persuasive effects of metaphor. A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 28 (3), 382-419.
    139. Straubhaar, J., & LaRose, R. (2004). Media now. Understanding media, culture, and technology (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
    140. Tankard, Jr. J.W. (2011). The empirical approach to the study of media framing. In P. Hodkinson, Media, culture and society: An introduction, (pp. 95 – 106). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
    141. Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: a study in construction of reality. New York: Free Press.
    142. Tucker, J. (2010). Polish public opinion toward Russia in the aftermath of Smolensk. An opportunity for improved relations. Ponars Eurasia Policy Memo, 111, 1-6.
    143. Turner. J.C. (1982). Toward a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and inter-group relations, (pp. 15-40). Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge University Press.
    144. Turwon, T., & Wojtowicz. S. (2011). Symulacja lotu i katastrofy polskiego sa-molotu Tu-154-M w Smoleńsku. Praca wykonana w Softimage. Wyższa Szkoła Tury-styki i Ekologii, Sucha Beskidzka.
    145. TVN Group, the leading opinion-maker in 2010 among televisions and internet portals. Retrieved 20 April 2015, from http://www.itiholdings.com/index.php/
    PressRoom/nid,6/
    146. TVN i TVN24 najbardziej opiniotwórcze w Polsce. Retrieved 20 April 2015, from http://tvn24bis.pl/media,81/tvn24-i-tvn-najbardziej-opiniotworcze-w-polsce,401560.html
    147. TVN leads the market in commercial target group – October ’14 viewership statistics. Retrieved 20 April 2015, from: http://www.itiholdings.com/userfiles/news/
    pdf/2014_11_04_TVN_%20Viewership_%20stats_October_en.pdf
    148. Ungar, S. (1998). Hot crises and media reassurance: A comparison of emerging diseases and Ebola Zaire. The British Journal of Sociology, 49 (1), 36-56.
    149. Walizer, M.H., & Wienir, P.L. (1978). Research methods and analysis. New York: Harper & Row.
    150. Weber, R. (1990). Basic content analysis (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    151. Wimmer, R.D., & Dominick, J.R. (1987). Mass media research: an introduc-tion. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
    152. Wonicki, R. (2010). Polska i Rosja: nowy start czy wszystko po staremu? Re-trieved from http://www.stosunkimiedzynarodowe.info/artykul,748,Polska_i_Rosja_nowy_start_czy_wszystko_po_staremu
    153. Wortman, C.B. (1976). Causal attributions and personal control. In J.H. Har-vey, W.J. Ickes, & R.F. Kidd, (Eds.). New directions in attribution research (Vol.1). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    154. Wu, X. (2002). Another collision: How mainstream Chinese and American newspapers frames the Sino-US spy plane collision. A thesis presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Mass Communication. Florida: University of Florida. Re-trieved from: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE1001194/wu_x.pdf
    155. Van Belle, D., & Potter, D.M. (2011). Japanese foreign disaster assistance: the ad hoc period in international politics and the illusion of a CNN effect. Media, War and Conflict, 4(1), 83-95.
    156. Van Gorp, B. (2007). The constructionist approach to framing: Bringing culture back in. Journal of communication, 57(1), 60-78.
    157. Voakes, P.S., Kapfer, J., Kurpius, D., & Chern, S.Y. (1996). Diversity in the news: A conceptual and methodoligical framework. Journalism & Mass Communica-tion Quarterly, 73(3), 582-593.
    158. Yang, J. (2003). Framing the NATO air strikes on Kosovo across countries: comparison of Chinese and U.S. newspaper coverage. Gazette, 65(3), 231-249.
    159. Yordanova, T. (2012). Media – international relations interaction model. Insti-tute for Security and International Studies (ISIS), Sofia. Retrieved from http://www.isis-bg.org/Publications/research_reports/RR.26.pdf
    160. Yu, Y.C., & Riffe, D. (1989). Chiang and Mao in U.S. news magazines. Jour-nalism Quarterly, 66 (4), 913-919.
    161. Zelizer, B., & Allan, S. (2002). Journalism after September 11. London: Routledge.
    162. Zieba, R. (2011). Współczesne stosunki polsko-rosyjskie: Uwarunkowania, problemy, implikacje. Przegląd Polityczny, 3, 35 – 61.
    163. Zingerelli, M.E. (2010). The CNN effect and the Al Jazeera effect in global pol-itics and society. A thesis submitted to the faculty of the School of Continuing Studies and of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the require-ments for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies. Gorgetown University, Washington D.C.
    164. Zhang, C., & Meadows III, C.W. (2012). International coverage, foreign poli-cy, and national image: Exploring the complexities of media, coverage, public opinion, and presidential agenda. International Journal of Communication, 6, 76-95.
    165. Zhang, L. (2011). News media and EU-China relations. New York, NY: Pal-grave Macmillan.
    166. Zukowski, I. (2011). Stosunki Polska – Rosja: Stan, problemy, nowe możliwo-ści. Nowa Polityka Wschodnia, 1 (1), 68 – 75.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
    102461019
    103
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0102461019
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    101901.pdf1373KbAdobe PDF2648View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback