| Reference: | 一、中文書籍
尹慶耀，蘇維埃帝國的消亡（台北：五南圖書出版公司，民國八十三年）。
尹慶耀等著，蘇聯（台北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，民國七十二年四月）。
王正泉主編，從列寧到戈爾巴喬夫－蘇聯政治體制的演變（北京：中國人民大學出版社，一九八九年五月）。
王福春，毀譽參半---赫魯雪夫（北京：學苑出版社，一九九七年一月）。
戈爾巴喬夫言論選集（北京：人民出版社，一九八七年三月）。
戈爾巴喬夫關於改革的講話（北京：人民出版社，一九八七年三月）。
仝志敏，社會主義國家幹部管理體制改革（北京：光明日報出版社，一九八八年七月）。
史達林欽定，聯共（布）黨史簡明教程，中共譯本（北京：人民出版社，一九七五年）。
共產黨原始資料選集（台北：中華民國國際關係研究所，國立政治大學東亞研究所，民國五十八年十月）。
列寧選集（北京；人民出版社，一九七二年）。
列寧全集（北京：人民出版社，一九五九年）。
李忠杰、徐耀新、魏力，社會主義改革史（北京：春秋出版社，一九八八年二月）。
李邁先，俄國史（台北：正中書局，民國七十八年十月）。
沈志華等編著，蘇聯共產黨九十三年－1989年至1991年蘇共歷史大事實錄（北京：當代中國出版社，一九九三年五月）。
畢英賢譯，蘇聯，增修版（台北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，民國七十八年十二月）。
唐治寧譯，「黨的改革與幹部政策」，匪俄問題譯叢（十七）（台北：國防部總政治作戰部，民國七十七年十月）。
郭壽華著，蘇俄通鑑（台北：大亞洲出版社，民國六○年）。
葉自成，俄羅斯政府與政治（台北：揚智文化，民國八十六年）。
趙春山，蘇聯領導權力的轉移－從列寧到戈巴契夫（台北：桂冠圖書公司，民國七十九年四月）。
趙長峰主編，蘇聯解體與東歐巨變（濟南：山東社會科學院蘇聯東歐研究課題組，一九九二年四月）。
關素質，蘇俄黨政演變之評析，上冊（台北：黎明文化事業公司，民國七十二年八月）。
蘇梅鳳、卓松呈主編，中國公務員制度（湖北：華中理工大學出版社，一九八八年四月）。
蘇聯大百科全書，第十三卷，劉丕坤譯本（北京：人民出版社，一九五四年）。
二、中文期刊
尹慶耀，「從蘇共第二十七次大會看蘇聯前途」，問題與研究，第二十五卷，第七期，民國七十五年四月。
尹慶耀，「戈巴契夫執政後的蘇聯」，問題與研究，第二十六卷，第十一期，民國七十六年八月。
李巧石、王台珍譯，黨綱新版本（由蘇共廿七大通過）。
李巧石譯，「戈巴契夫在蘇共第十九次黨代表會議報告摘要」，問題與研究，第廿七卷，第十二期，民國七十七年九月。
畢英賢，「蘇共『二十七大』對上層權力結構的調整」，問題與研究，第二十五卷，第七期，民國七十五年四月。
畢英賢，「蘇聯的經濟改革與民主化」，問題與研究，第二十六卷，第六期，民國七十六年三月。
陳之驥，「勃列日涅夫時期蘇聯的主要問題和歷史教訓」，東歐中亞研究，第六期，一九九八年。
塔其，「蘇聯動態述評」，問題與研究，第廿九卷，第二期，民國七十八年十一月。
趙威，「蘇共中央委員會書記處」，共黨問題研究，第十一卷，第四期，民國七十四年四月。
三、英文書籍
Armstrong, John A., Ideology, Politics and Government in the Soviet Union revised edition ( New York : Praeger, 1967 )
Barghoorn, Frederick C., Politics in the USSR ( Boston : Little Brown, 1986 )
Belloni, Frank P. & Beller, Dennis C. eds., Faction Politics : Political Parties and Factionalism in Comparative Perspective ( California : ABC-Clio Inc., 1978 )
Bertsch, Gary K., Power and Policy in Communist System ( New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978 )
Bialer, Seweryn & Gustafson, Thane eds., Russian at the Crossroads : The 26th Congress of the CPSU ( London : Allen & Unwin, 1982 )
Braham, Randolph L. ed., Soviet Politics and Government ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1965 )
Calvert, Peter, Politics, Power and Revolution : A Comparative Analysis of Contemporary Government ( New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1983 )
Carr, E. H., The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-23, Vol. II, ( London : The Macmillan Press, 1951 )
Clark, Dymphna, The Soviet Politburo ( New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1982 )
Clark, William A., Crime and Punishment in Soviet Officialdom : Combating Corruption in the Political Elite, 1965-1990 ( New York : M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1993 )
Conquest, Robert, Power and Policy in the USSR : the Study of Soviet Dynastics ( New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1961 )
Dmytryshyn, Basil ed., Imperial Russia : A Source Book, 1700-1917 3rd edition ( Florida : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1990 )
Fainsod, Merle, How Russia Is Ruled, revised edition ( Cambridge : Harvard University, 1967 )
Fainsod, Merle, Smolensk under Soviet Rule ( Cambridge : Harvard University, 1958 )
Goldman, Marshall I., USSR in Crisis ( New York : W. W. Norton, 1983 )
Green, Barbara B., The Dynamics of Russian Politics ( New York : Praeger Publishers, 1994 )
Harasymiw, Bohdan, Political Elite Recruitment in the Soviet Union ( New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1984 )
Harding, Neil ed., The State in Socialist Society ( London : The Macmillan Press, 1984 )
Hill, Ronald J. & Frank, Peter, The Soviet Communist Party ( London : Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1981 )
Hoffman, Erik P. & Laird, Robbin F. eds., The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era ( New York : Aldine Publishing Company, 1984 )
Hough, Jerry, The Soviet Prefects : The Local Party Organs in Industrial Decision-making ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press 1969 )
Hough, Jerry & Fainsod, Merle, How the Soviet Union Is Governed ( Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1979 )
Kelley, Donald R., The Politics of Developed of Socialism : The Soviet Union as a Post-Industrial State ( New York : Greenwood Press, 1986 )
Kelley, Donald R. ed., Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era ( New York : Praeger, 1980 )
Lane, David ed., Elites and Political Power in the USSR ( Aldershot : Edward Elgar, 1988 )
Linden, Carl A., The Soviet Party-State : The Politics of Ideocratic Despotism ( New York : Praeger, 1983 )
Miller, F. & Feher, F. eds., Khrushchev and the Communist World ( New Jersey : Barnes & Noble Books, 1984 )
McCauley, Martin, The Soviet Union 1917-1991, 2nd edition ( New York : Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1996 )
McCauley, Martin ed., Khrushchev and Khrushchevism, ( London : Macmillan, 1987 )
Moore, Barrington Jr., Soviet Politics-The Dilemma of Power ( Cambridge : Harvard University, 1950 )
Murphy, Paul J., Brezhnev : Soviet Politician ( Jefferson, N. C., McFarland & Co., 1981 )
Nogee, Joseph L. ed., Soviet Politics : Russia after Brezhnev ( New York : Praeger, 1985 )
Osborn, Robert Jr., The Evolution of Soviet Politics ( Illinois : Homewood Dorsey Press, 1974 )
Pipes, Richard ed., Soviet Strategy in Europe ( New York : Crane, Russak Company, Inc., 1976 )
Reshetar, John S. Jr., The Soviet Polity : Government and Politics in the USSR, 2nd edition ( New York : Harper & Row Publishers, 1978 )
Rigby, Thomas H., Political Elites in the USSR : Central Leaders and Local Cadres from Lenin to Gorbachev ( Aldershot : Edward Elgar, 1990 )
Rigby, T. H., Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917-1967 ( New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1968 )
Rigby, Thomas H. & Brown ,Archie & Reddaway, Peter eds., Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR ( London : The Macmillan Press, 1978 )
Rigby, Thomas H. & Feher, Ferenc eds., Political Legitimation in Communist States ( London : Macmillan, 1982 )
Rigby, Thomas H. & Harasymiew, Bohdan eds., Leadership Selection and Patron-Client Relations in the USSR and Yugoslavia ( London : Allen & Unwin, 1983 )
Sakwa, Richard, Soviet Politics ( London : Routledge, 1990 )
Schapiro, Leonard, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2nd edition ( New York : Random House, 1971 )
Scott, Derek J. R., Russian Political Institutions ( New York : Praeger, 1961 )
Smith, Gordon B., Soviet Politics : Continuity and Contradiction ( New York : St. Martin’s Press, 1988 )
Smith, Gordon B., Soviet Politics : Struggling with Change, 2nd edition ( New York : St. Martin’s, 1992 )
Smith, Gordon B. ed., Public Policy and Administration in the Soviet Union ( New York : Praeger, 1980 )
Thompson, Terry L., Ideology and Policy : The Political Use of Doctrine in the USSR ( Boulder, Colo : Westview Press, 1989 )
Treadgold, Donald W., Twentieth Century Russia, 4th edition ( Chicago : Rand McNally College Publishing Company, 1976 )
Voslensky, Michael trans. by Mosbacher, Eric, Nomenklatura : The Soviet Ruling Class ( New York, Doubleday, 1984 )
Weeks, Albert L., The Soviet Nomenklatura-A Comprehensive Roster of Soviet Civilian and Military Officials 2nd edition ( Washington, D. C. : The Washington Institute Press, 1989 )
Wolfe, Bertram D., Khrushchev and Stalin’s Ghost ( Connecticut : Westport, Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1957 )
Zdenek, Mlynar, Can Gorbachev Change the Soviet Union ? ( San Francisco / Oxford : Westview Press, 1990 )
四、英文期刊
Aspaturian, Vernon V., “ The Brezhnev Legacy : Leadership Uncertainty in the Kremlin, ” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1985.
Blackwell, Robert E. Jr., “ Cadres Policy in the Brezhnev Era, ” Problems of Communism, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1979.
Friedgut, Theodore H., “ Gorbachev and Party Reform, ” ORBIS, Vol. 30, No. 2, Summer 1986.
Gaidar, Egor, “ How the Nomenklatura ‘ Privatized ’Its Own Power, ” Russian Politics and Law, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1996.
Gill, Graeme, “ The Soviet Leader Cult : Reflections on the Structure of Leadership in the Soviet Union, ” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1980.
Hammer, Darrell P., “ The Dilemma of Party Growth, ” Problems of Communism, Vol. 20, No. 4, July-August, 1971.
Hanley, Eric , Yershova, Natasha & Anderson, Richard, “ Russia－Old Wine in a New Bottle? The Circulation and Reproduction of Russia Elite, 1983-1993, ” Theory and Society, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1995.
Harasymiw, Bohdan, “ Nomenklatura : The Soviet Communist Party’s Leadership Recruitment System, ” Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1969.
Hill, Ronald J., “ Party-State Relations and Soviet Political Development, ” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 10, No.2, 1980.
Hill, Ronald J. & Lowenhardt, John, “ Nomenklatura and Perestroika, ” Government and Opposition, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1991.
Kaplan, Cynthia S., “ Local Party Organization, ” Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 21, Spring 1988.
Kryshtanovskaya, Olga V., “ Transformation of the Old Nomenklatura into a New Russian Elite, ” Sociological Research, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1995.
Kryshtanovskaya, Olga V., “ The New Russian Elite, ” Sociological Research, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1995.
Kryshtanovskaya, Olga & White, Stephen, “ From Soviet Nomenklatura to Russian Elite, ” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 48, No. 5, 1996.
Nemzer, Louis, “ The Kremlin’s Professional Staff : the Apparatus of the CC, CPSU, ” American Political Science Review, No. 1, March 1950.
Nove, Alec, “ Is There a Ruling Class in the USSR ? ” Soviet Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1975.
Nove, Alec, “ The Class Nature of the Soviet Union Revisited, ” Soviet Studies, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1983.
Rigby, Thomas H., “ Early Provincial Cliques and the Rise of Stalin, ” Soviet Studies, Vol. 33, No.1, January 1981.
Rigby, Thomas H., “Staffing USSR Incorporated : The Origins of the Nomenklatura System”, Soviet Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4, 1988.
Rigby, Thomas H., “ The Soviet Regional Leadership : The Brezhnev Generation, ” Slavic Review, Vol. 37, January 1978.
Rigby, Thomas H., “ The Soviet Leadership : Towards a Self-Stabilizing Oligarchy ? ” Soviet Studies, Vol. 22, July 1970.
Rutland, Peter, “ The Research for Stability, Ideology, Discipline, and the Cohesion of the Soviet Elite, ” Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 24, March 1991.
Schapiro, Leonard, “ Reflections on the Changing Role of the Party in the Totalitarian Polity, ” Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 2, No. 2, April 1969.
Unger, Aryeh L., “ Soviet Communist Party Membership Under Brezhnev : A Comment, ” Soviet Studies, Vol. 29, April, 1977.
Willerton, John P. Jr., “ Clientelism in the Soviet Union : An Initial Examination, ” Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 12, Nos. 2 & 3, 1979.
五、俄文書籍和期刊
Gorbachev, Mikhail S., Perestroika i Novoe Myshlenie Dlya Nashei Strany i dlya Vsevo Mira（對我們國家和整個世界的重建及新思維）( Moskva : Izdatelstvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1987 )
Ivanov, A., “ Nomenklatura Klass, ”（職官名錄階級）Posev, March 1973.
Korzhikhina, T. P. & Figatner,Yu. Yu., “ Sovetskaya Nomenklatura : Stanovlenie, Mekhanizmy Deistviya, ”（蘇聯職官名錄：形成及制度之運作）Voprosy Istorii, July 1993.
Rumyantsev, A. M. ed., Nauchnyi Kommunizm（科學的共產黨）( Moskva : Politi Zdat, 4th edition, 1983 )
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