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    Title: 美國金融自由化的政治分析 1980-2000
    Authors: 黃宗昊
    Contributors: 何思因
    黃宗昊
    Keywords: 金融全球化
    美國金融政治
    金融自由化
    巴塞爾協議
    國際貨幣基金
    Date: 2008
    Issue Date: 2016-05-09 13:24:30 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文旨在探討美國因應金融全球化的調適之道。由於美國首屈一指的金融大國地位,所以美國不只是被金融全球化所侷限,甚至能反過頭來型塑金融全球化的走向,本文藉助「比較歷史研究途徑」的指引展開研究,試圖勾勒出金融全球化與美國金融政治交互建構的完整過程。
    美國應對金融全球化的調適主要有四項發展。在國內層面,美國推動了金融自由化,主要是反映在業務項目和地理區位兩方面。業務項目的去管制是要廢除要求銀行與證券分業的Glass-Steagall Act,地理區位去管制是要廢除限制銀行跨州經營的McFadden Act。在國際層面,為了穩定金融體系同時又要保障美國金融利益的海外運作,美國一方面推動訂定了Basle Accord,提升了資本適足標準,將美國自身的資本標準國際化。另方面,為了不讓金融機構的海外放款陷入危機,美國藉由IMF執行金援抒困的任務,將美國政府金援抒困的角色國際化了。
    藉由區分國際與國內層次,以及權威管制與協調機制的不同調適方式,就可建構出四種不同調適樣態,這四種樣態在執行難度與調適速度上會有所不同,美國應對金融全球化的四項發展正好提供了此四種調適樣態的經驗支持。「國際層次-權威管制」的方式最快,「國際層次-協調機制」的方式次之,「國內層次-協調機制」的方式又次之,速度最慢的是「國內層次-權威管制」。這四種調適樣態結合起來,共同展現了美國對金融全球化的因應。
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