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| Title: | 生質燃料補貼在WTO協定下相關適用之法律問題—以SCM協定與農業協定為中心
The Legal Analysis of Biofuels Subsidies under the WTO Agreements—in Particular the SCM Agreement and the Agriculture Agreement |
| Authors: | 羅錦嵐
Lo, Chin-Lan |
| Contributors: | 施文真
Shih, Wen-Chen
羅錦嵐
Lo, Chin-Lan |
| Keywords: | 生質燃料
補貼
補貼暨平衡稅措施協定
農業協定
和平條款
Biofuels
Subsidy
SCM Agreement
Agriculture Agreement
Peace Clause |
| Date: | 2009 |
| Issue Date: | 2016-05-09 14:53:25 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 自從「京都議定書」在2005年2月16日經160個國家簽署生效後，為兼顧環境保護及經濟發展，各國政府便開始鼓勵其國內能源產業發展生質燃料作為替代燃料，以減少溫室氣體排放。然生質燃料產業起步階段，因技術與市場交易機制均未成熟，故有賴政府的補貼才能順利推廣。是以，目前生質燃料的補貼是否應受到WTO協定之規範仍是備受爭議，而實有討論與研究之必要。
本論文主要研究目的，遂在分析目前德國、美國、巴西等主要生質燃料生產國為鼓勵、推廣生質燃料產業之發展，其獎勵措施所涉及的補貼是否會對未受補貼的國內外競爭者形成不公平待遇，以及是否違反WTO補貼暨平衡稅措施協定及農業協定補貼規範的情形，以政策事實套法律要件的方式，深入討論現階段各國生質燃料補貼措施：市場保證、價格補貼、投資補貼、稅賦優惠四種措施態樣，在和平條款落日後，於生質燃料製程上游、中游、下游的協定管轄情形與適法性，以期對目前生質燃料補貼政策作一完整的評估與建議。
Since the Kyoto Protocol was signed by 160 countries and entered into forced on 16 Feburauy 2005, the governments of above countries began encouraging their enery industries to develop biofuels as substitute to reduce green house gases in pursuit of environmental protection and economic development. While the technologies and trading mechanisms of biofuel industries were immature at the preliminary stage, the prevalence of the biofuels will be dependent on government subsidies. Therefore, whether biofuels subsidies shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements is still a controversial issue and needs to be discussed and studied.
The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the domestic policies and incentives of those key biofuel-producuing countries such as Germany, United States and Brazil, and find if such subsidizing measures constitute unfair treatments to foreign compeitiors and violate the SCM Agreement or Agriculture Agrmment under the WTO. In order to conduct a comprehensive analysis and come up with feasible suggestions, the thesis will take the four main incentives, the so-called“Market Assurance”, “Price Support”, “Investment Support”and “Tax credit”as facts to conduct legal analysis as well as discuss the applicability of agreements when Peace Clause came to an end and analyze the legality of each incentive from upstream to downstream of the biofuel production process. |
| Reference: | 一、英文部分
（一）書籍專論
1.Bernard M. Hoekman and Michael M. Kostecki, THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM: FROM GATT TO WTO (1995).
2.Gary N. Horlick & Peggy A. Clarke, WTO AND NAFTA RULES AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION: SELECTED ESSAYS ON ANTIDUMPING, SUBSIDIES AND OTHER MEASURES (2003).
（二）期刊文章
1.Hoda, Anwarul, and Rajeev Ahuja. "Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: Need for Clarification and Improvement.", 6 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 39 (May, 2003).
2.Steinberg, R.H.J., Timothy E, “When the Peace Ends: The Vulnerability of EC and US Agricultural Subsidies to WTO Legal Challenge”, 6(2) JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 369 (2003).
（三）研究報告、文獻
1.CRS Report for Congress, Biofuels Incentives: A summary of Federal Programs, order Code RL 33572 (Jul. 29, 2008).
2.European Commission, Imposing a provisional Countervailing Duty on Imports of Biodiesel Originating in the United States of America, L67/50 (EC) No. 194/2009, (Mar. 11, 2009)
3.Federal Register, Vol. 72, No. 83 (May1, 2007).
4.Gärtner, S.O. and G. A. Reinhardt, “Biodiesel Initative in Germany ”, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (May, 2005).
5.Géraldine Kutas, Carina Lindberg and Ronald Steenblik, Biofuels—At What Cost? Support for Ethanol and Biodiesel in the European Union, International Institute for Sustainable Development (Oct. 2007).
6.Kaltner, F.J., G.F.P Aaevedo, Campos andA.O.F Mundim, “Liquid Biofuels for Transportation in Brazil – Potential and Implication for Sustainable Agriculture and Energy in the 21st Century”, Study Commissioned by the German Tenical Cooperation (Nov.2005).
7.Kojima, M. and T. Johnson, “Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries”, Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, The World Bank (Oct. 2005).
8.Lieberz, Oilseeds and Products Biofuels in Germany-Prospects and Limitations 2004, Global Agriculture Information Network Report No. GM4048, USDA Foreign Agriculture Service (Nov.12, 2004).
9.Lieberz, S.M., “Germany May Reduce Mineral Oil Tax Waiver for Biodiesel - 2005”, Global Agriculture Information Network Report No. GM5026, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (Jul. 14, 2005).
10.Luiz Carlos Corrêa Carvalho,“Ethanol: A Brazilian Successful Story”, Clean Energy: The Brazilian Rthanol Experience, Embassy of Brazil in London (2007).
11.Tai, A., “An Update on Germany Biodiesel Industry”, OSK Research, Investment Research Daily News (Apr. 26, 2006).
12.USDA, Foreign agricultural service, EU-25 biofuels , GAIN Report（2006）.
（四）網路資源
1.Europa, Taxation and Customs Union Database, URL:http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/cgi-bin/tarquer?Lang=EN
2.IEA Climate Change Database & Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures, available at URL：http://www.iea.org/textbase/
3.International Energy Agency, IEA Views: Biofuels, available at: http://www.iea.org/journalists/infocus.asp
4.International Energy Agency, International Energy Agency Renewable Information 2003, available at: http://www.iea.org/
5.Iowa State University, Office of Biorenewables Programs, Biomass, available at: http://www.biorenew.iastate.edu/resources/frequently-asked-questions/biomass.htm
6.Jacqueline Cramer et al., Testing Framework Report for Sustainable Biomass, URL：http://www.mvo.nl/biobrandstoffen/download/070427-Cramer-FinalReport_EN.pdf
7.Mass. Tech. Collaborative, Bioenergy Overview, available at: http://www.mtpc.org/cleanenergy/biomass/overview.htm
8.UN-Energy, Sustainable Energy: A Framework for Decision Makers (April. 2007), available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1094e/a1094e00.pdf
9.United States Department of Energy, Biofuels for Sustainable Transportation, available at: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/25876.pdf
10.United States Department of Energy, Biomass Program: Biomass FAQs, available at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/biomass_basics_faqs.html
11.WTO, Understanding The WTO: The GATT Years: From Havana to Marrakesh, available at:http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm
（五）WTO官方文件
1.Agreement on Agriculture
2.Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
3.Brazil－Export Financing Program for Aircraft, Report of Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS46/AB/R (adopted Aug. 20, 1999).
4.Canada－Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, Report of Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS139, DS142/R (adopted Jun. 19, 2000).
5.Canada－Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft, Report of Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS70/AB/R (adopted Aug. 20, 1999).
6.European Communities Regime for the Importation, Sale and the Distribution of Bananas, Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS 27/AB/R (adopted Sept. 9, 1997)
7.Indonesia-Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry, Report of the Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS54, 55,59, 64/R (adopted Jul. 2, 1998)
8.United States – Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000, Report of Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS217/AB/R, WT/DS234/R (adopted Jan.16, 2003).
9.United States – Countervailing Duties on Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada, Report of panel, GATT Doc. DS7/R - 38S/30 (adopted July 11, 1991).
10.United States－Countervailing Duties on Certain Carbon Steel Products from Brazil, Report of Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS218/AB/R (adopted Jul. 3, 2002).
11.United States—Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsudies, Report of the Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS194/R (adopted Jun. 29, 2001).
12.United States－Subsidies on Upland Cotton, Report of Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS267/17 (adopted Mar. 3, 2005).
13.United States－Tax Treatment for “Foreign Sales Corporations”, Report of Panel, WTO Doc. WT/DS108/R (adopted Oct. 8, 1999).
14.WTO, GATT/WTO Rules on Subsidies and Aids Granted in the Fishing Industry, WT/CTE/W/80 (Mar. 9, 1998)
15.WTO, Part II of Draft Guideline for the Application of the Concept of Specificity in the Calculation of the Amount of a Subsidy Other than an Export Subsidy, WTO Doc. MTN.GNG/NG10/W/4 (Apr. 28, 1987).
二、中文部分
（一）書籍專論
羅昌發，國際貿易法（2004年9月）。
（二）期刊文章
1.古森本，「生質能源作物之開發與潛力」，農業生計產業季刊，第13期（2008年）。
2.吳耿東、李宏台，「生質能源-化腐朽為能源」，科學發展，第383期（2004年11月）。
3.吳耿東、李宏台，「全球生質能源應用現況與未來展望」，林業研究專訊，第14期（2007年3月）
4.宋勇徵，「全球生質能源的未來發展」，台肥季刊，第47卷第1期（2006年3月）
5.李宏台、吳耿東、萬皓鵬、徐瑞鐘，「我國生質能源之應用」，經濟前瞻，第99期（2005年5月5日）。
6.李堅明，「巴西推動燃料酒精經驗出國考察報告」，碳經濟月刊，第3期（2006年11月）。
7.林俊義，「國際推動生質能源作物之展望」，林業研究專訊，第14期（2007年3月）。
8.張南薰，「世界貿易組織下農業補貼規範之研究」，月旦民商法，第11期（2006年3月）
9.許振邦，「兼顧糧食供應與環境保護之生質燃料發展」，石油市場雙週報，第2頁（2008年5月）。
10.陳逸潔、張靜貞，「檢視能源作物補貼與WTO農業境內支持規範之關連」，農政農情，第180期（2007年6月）。
11.楊明憲，「WTO 農業談判有關和平條款議題之分析」，貿易政策論叢，第1期 (2004年)。
（三）研討會資料
黃宗煌、黃瀕儀，「稻田轉作能源作物生產生物能源的評估與政策整合」，2005水稻田農業多樣性機能研討會（2005年）。
（四）網路資源
1.王俊豪，WTO會員國與歐盟農業補貼綠色措施結構變遷之分析，行政院農委會（2005年6月）。全文可下載至：http://www.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/4881/0602.pdf
2.張育珍，「特別公課、專款專用與特種基金之關聯」，行政院主計處（2009年）。 全文可下載至：http://www.bas-association.org.tw/catalog/arts/09311026.pdf
3.黃韻勳、吳榮華，「我國推動生質燃料之政策方向與國際趨勢研析」，石油市場雙週報（2007年8月）。全文可下載至：http://www.tri.org.tw/oil/file/article08-960829.pdf
4.劉致中，「生質精煉產業之發展現況與前景」，ITIS產業資訊服務網(2008年4月25日)。全文可下載至：http://descart-bio.sg1002.myweb.hinet.net/Chinese/2008A005.pdf
5.劉鍵，「德國環保財稅政策及其啟示」，中國環境報（2006年3月22日）。全文瀏覽：www.ccchina.gov.cn/cn/NewsInfo.asp?NewsId=2020
6.謝志強，「全球生質燃料發展現況與前景分析」，工研院電子報，第9706期（2008年6月20日）。全文瀏覽：http://edm.itri.org.tw/enews/epaper/9706/c02.htm
7.謝志強，「與糧爭地，生質能源前景未卜」，國際商情雙週刊，第244期（2008年6月18日）。全文瀏覽：http://www.trademag.org.tw/content02.asp?id=484761&type=17&url=%2Findex%2Easp%3Fno%3D17 |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易學系
96351036 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096351036 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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