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    题名: 以有機自然堆肥廁所來改善尼加拉瓜馬拿瓜市郊之衛生及經濟條件
    Establishing a Compost Toilet Franchise for Improved Sustainable Sanitation in Managua, Nicaragua
    作者: 游逸凡
    Lacayo, Rodolfo
    贡献者: 白德傑
    Brodowsky, Glen
    游逸凡
    Lacayo, Rodolfo
    关键词: 衛生
    堆肥廁所
    尼加拉瓜
    Sanitation
    Compost Toilet
    Nicaragua
    日期: 2016
    上传时间: 2016-07-01 15:06:49 (UTC+8)
    摘要: Access to proper sanitation is a necessary step towards sustainable development. Facilitating access to the tools to the most basic hygienic services generates a healthier living, a more sustainable environment, a means to generating economic activity, and strengthens human dignity and social development. The United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation, setting as a target the significant increase in the number of people with access to adequate sanitation and implementation of good hygiene practices. This project aims to help the people of Nicaragua meet that target.

    As of 2013, only 52% of Nicaragua’s population had access to improved sanitation facilities. This is still far below the average of its neighbor Latin American countries. Lack of proper sanitation has a tremendous direct and indirect impact on Nicaragua’s development in the areas of health, tourism, and water resources. As of 2013, the economic losses due to the lack of sanitation and hygiene amount to US$ 95 million and is expected to continue growing.

    This business plan will cover the design and implementation ECOSAN, a low cost, high quality compost toilet, which will be sold to low-income local entrepreneurs who will become franchise partners. The franchisees are responsible for managing the usage of the toilets in local poor communities. These entrepreneurs will receive training on how to convert the compost into organic fertilizer which could further be sold to local farms or be locally used.
    參考文獻: 1. &quot;HISTORY OF NICARAGUA.&quot; HISTORY OF NICARAGUA. Ed. John W. Medina. 12 Apr. 2001. Web. 16 Apr. 2016. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=nrx>.
    2. &quot;Economy of Nicaragua.&quot; Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Web. 16 Apr. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua>.
    3. &quot;Doing Business 2015.&quot; REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2013/1410.04 (2014): Doingbusiness.org. Web.
    4. &quot;Population.&quot; PRONicaragua. Web. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pronicaragua.org%2Fen%2Fdiscover- nicaragua%2Fpopulation>.
    5. &quot;Demographics of Nicaragua.&quot; Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Web. 16 Apr. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua>.
    6. &quot;Demographics of Nicaragua.&quot; Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Web. 16 Apr. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua>.
    7. Doing Business in Nicaragua. Managua: AMCHAM Nicaragua, 1998. Doing Business in Nicaragua. Web.
    8. Morales, Ruth Rios. &quot;Structural Weakness in Nicaragua: Hindrances to Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction.&quot; No.169/June 2006, Structural Weakness in Nicaragua: Hindrances to Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction. Web. <https://www.tcd.ie/iiis/documents/discussion/pdfs/iiisdp169.pdf>.
    9. &quot;Economy of Nicaragua.&quot; Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Web. 16 Apr. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua>.
    10. &quot;PRONicaragua - Nicaragua`s 2013 Foreign Investment Closing Figures Show 8 Percent Increase.&quot; PRONicaragua - Nicaragua`s 2013 Foreign Investment Closing Figures Show 8 Percent Increase. <http://www.pronicaragua.org/en/newsroom/press-releases/1196-nicaragua-s-2013-foreign-investment-closing-figures-show-8-percent-increase>.
    11. &quot;Nicaragua an Outlook in Poverty.&quot; International Monetary Fund. Web. 16 Jan. 2016.
    12. &quot;Extreme Poverty.&quot; Nuru International. <http://www.nuruinternational.org/why/extreme-poverty/>.
    13. Wiggins, Steve. &quot;Growth and Chronic Poverty in Nicaragua.&quot; SSRN Electronic Journal SSRN Journal Web. <http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/CPR2_Background_Papers_Wiggins_06.pdf>.
    14. &quot;Extreme Poverty Increases in Nicaragua in 2013, Study Finds -.&quot; The Tico Times 13 Nov. 2014. Web. 16 Apr. 2016. <http://www.ticotimes.net/2014/11/13/extreme-poverty-increases-in-nicaragua-in-2013-study-finds>.
    15. &quot;Sobre Managua | Sitio Oficial De La Alcaldia De Managua.&quot; Sobre Managua | Sitio Oficial De La Alcaldia De Managua. 16 Apr. 2016. <http://www.managua.gob.ni/index.php?s=2000>.
    16. &quot;Llegó El Final De La Chureca.&quot; La Prensa. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2013/02/20/nacionales/135365-llego-el-final-de-la-chureca>.
    17. &quot;La Chureca.&quot; Gobierno De Espana Web. <http://www.aecid.es/ES/Paginas/Sala%20de%20Prensa/Noticias/2013/2013_02/2013_02_19_la_chureca_de_vertedero_a_gestion_sostenible.aspx>.
    18. &quot;Water Supply and Sanitation in Nicaragua.&quot; Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua>.
    19. &quot;Sanitation in Nicaragua.&quot; Economic Costs of Sanitation 90.10/11 (1928): 601-03. Water and Sanitation Program. Web.
    20. &quot;The State of Sanitation in Nicaragua.&quot; El Estado Del Saneamiento En NicaraguaEl Estado Del Saneamiento En Nicaragua, Water and Sanitation Program. World Bank. Web. <https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/521200850008_Saneamiento_Nicaragua_final.pdf>.
    21. &quot;Sanitation in Nicaragua.&quot; Economic Costs of Sanitation 90.10/11 (1928): 601-03. Water and Sanitation Program. Web
    22. &quot;Sanitation in Nicaragua.&quot; Economic Costs of Sanitation 90.10/11 (1928): 601-03. Water and Sanitation Program. Web.
    23. ANÁLISIS SECTORIAL DE AGUA POTABLE Y SANEAMIENTO DE NICARAGUA, Biblioteca Virtual Del Desarollo Sostenible. Web. <http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd51/nicaragua/intro.pdf>.
    24. Jenkins, Joseph. &quot;The Humanure Handbook.&quot; Web. <http://www.gubaswaziland.org/files/documents/resource9.pdf>.
    25. &quot;Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio | Composting 101.&quot; Planet Natural RSS <http://www.planetnatural.com/composting-101/c-n-ratio/>.
    26. &quot;Kiva - About Us.&quot; Kiva. Web. <https://www.kiva.org/about>.
    27. &quot;The Sanergy Model.&quot; Sanergy. <http://saner.gy/our-work/the-sanergy-model>.
    28. &quot;Sanitation in Nicaragua.&quot; Economic Costs of Sanitation 90.10/11 (1928): 601-03. Water and Sanitation Program. Web.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
    103933052
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0103933052
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[國際經營管理英語碩士學程IMBA] 學位論文

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