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| Title: | 禪宗與丹道修證原理及實踐方法比較研究：以菩提達摩與張三丰為核心個案探析
A Comparative Study of Cultivation Theories and Practices in Chan Buddhism and Daoist Internal Alchemy: Core Case Studies of Bodhidharma and Chang San-feng |
| Authors: | 吳素真
Wu, Su-Chen |
| Contributors: | 謝世維
Hsieh, Shu-Wei
吳素真
Wu, Su-Chen |
| Keywords: | 達摩
張三丰
二入四行
壁觀
丹道
Bodhidharma
Chang San-feng
Two Entrances and Four Practices
Wall Contemplation
Internal Alchemy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-09-01 16:14:28 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本論文以禪宗初祖菩提達摩與道教丹道宗師張三丰為核心研究人物，探討其在禪宗與道教丹道兩大修行體系中的練養實踐與歷史意義。達摩作為將印度禪法傳入中土的奠基者，提出「理入」與「行入」等實修途徑，強調「見性成佛」的頓悟理念；張三丰則融合儒釋道三教思想，並以道教為主軸，發展出具體而系統的丹道修煉次第，如煉精化氣、煉氣化神、煉神還虛，並倡導性命雙修之道。兩者皆在東亞宗教修行史上占有關鍵地位，深刻影響後世之身心修煉觀與宗教實踐傳統。本研究動機源於對上述兩大東方修煉傳統在本體論基礎、身心性轉化歷程與修煉實踐工夫之異同進行深入比較的學術關懷。研究方法採用跨宗教比較研究途徑，結合文本詮釋學與身心工夫觀點，對禪宗與丹道主要經典與人物文獻進行語義分析與理論探究。主要研究文本包括《入楞伽經》、〈安心法門〉、〈二入四行〉、張三丰《大道論》、《玄機直講》、《玄要篇》等。本論文共分五章，系統比較禪宗達摩與道教張三丰在本體論、心性論與修行實踐之異同。第二章分析二者對宇宙本源與終極實相的存有論建構；第三章探討其心性論理論架構，揭示兩者修道皆以修心為本；第四章則對兩者的修行方法與身心轉化機制進行對照。最終章綜整全篇，指出兩者為佛道修行思想的代表，展現東亞宗教修煉傳統的哲學深度與實踐多樣性。研究成果顯示，達摩之禪法重視「安心」工夫與內觀直證的修行精神，張三丰丹道則強調循序漸進的氣化神煉與中脈氣機調攝。兩者皆以「體證道體」為實踐目標，並體現由身入心、由心證道的身心整合之道。除了學理上的對照分析之外，本論文亦強調修煉觀點對當代實修者之啟發意涵，提出古智今用的實踐性，體現出一個橫跨佛教與道教、理論與實踐、歷史與當代的修行實踐。尤其作者本人創立元門太極學苑的背景，推廣太極拳的丹道修練文化，更是將學理應用到實修面。作為以英文撰成之博士論文，本研究希冀藉由禪宗與丹道教義的比較與詮釋，促進宗教間之理解與對話，並為全球性靈性修行與人類身心練養的提升，提供一項根源於東方智慧的深層回應與貢獻。
This dissertation centers on Bodhidharma, the First Patriarch of Chan Buddhism, and Chang San-feng, the Daoist master of Internal Alchemy (dando 丹道), as its principal subjects of investigation. It explores their respective cultivation practices and historical significance within the two major systems of spiritual training in East Asia. As the foundational transmitter of Indian Dhyāna to China, Bodhidharma proposed the paths of “entry through principle and practice” (理入行入), emphasizing the doctrine of sudden awakening and the realization of Buddhahood through seeing one’s true nature. Chang San-feng integrated the Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism) with Daoism as the core framework, and developed a systematic internal alchemy cultivation sequence—including refining essence (jing精) into qi (氣), qi into spirit (神), and spirit returning to emptiness—while advocating the path of dual cultivation of xing (inner nature) and ming (life: vital force) (性命雙修). This dissertation adopts a cross-religious comparative approach, combining textual hermeneutics with embodied cultivation perspectives. It undertakes semantic and theoretical analysis of core scriptures from the Chan Buddhism and Daoist traditions. Key primary sources include The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, “The Method for Pacifying the Mind” (安心法門), “Two Entrances and Four Practices (二入四行),” as well as Chang San-feng’s Treatise on the Great Dao (大道論), Direct Explication of the Mystery (玄機直講), and Essential Writings on the Mystery (玄要篇). The dissertation is structured into five chapters. Chapter Two analyzes their respective ontological constructions of the origin of the cosmos and ultimate reality. Chapter Three explores their mind theories, revealing that both traditions regard the cultivation of mind as the core of the path. Chapter Four compares their practical methods and mechanisms of body-mind transformation. The final chapter synthesizes the findings, positioning both figures as exemplars of spiritual cultivation of Buddhist and Daoist traditions. This dissertation affirms the practical applicability of ancient wisdom in present-day contexts, offering a model of spiritual praxis that bridges Chan Buddhism and Daoism, theory and practice, history and the present. The author’s founding of the Yuanmen Taichi Martial Art Center and promotion of Dando-based Taichiquan culture illustrates a living application of the philosophical insights explored in this study. As an English-language doctoral dissertation, this research seeks to promote interreligious understanding and dialogue through a comparative and interpretive study of Chan Buddhism and Daoist doctrines. It further aims to contribute an Eastern wisdom-based response to the global pursuit of spiritual cultivation. |
| Reference: | Canonical Scriptures
B18n0101 On Ultimate Contemplation 絕觀論
T16n0672 The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 大乘入楞伽經
T30n1564 Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way 中論
T46n1933 The Vow of Great Master Nanyue 南嶽思大禪師立誓願文
T48n2008 The Dharma Jewel Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch 六祖大師法寶壇經
T49n2035 Historical Record of the Dharma Treasures 曆代法寶記
T50n2060 Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks 續高僧傳
T51n2092 Record of Buddhist Temples in Luoyang 洛陽伽藍記
T85n2837 Record of the Masters of the Laṅkāvatāra 楞伽師資記
T85n2838 Record of the Dharma Transmission 傳法寶記
Y03n0003 Commentary on the Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 勝鬘經講記
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Zongmi 宗密. General Preface to the Collected Commentaries on the Source of Chan (Chanyuan Zhuchuan Ji Du Xu 禪源諸詮集都序). Annotated by Qiu Gaoxing 邱高興. Zhengzhou 鄭州: Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing 中州古籍出版社, 2008. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
108156501 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0108156501 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [宗教研究所] 學位論文
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