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| Title: | 當代泰國業力信仰與巫術信仰矛盾的調和策略
A Study of Strategies for Reconciling Conflicts Between Beliefs in Karma and Magic in Contemporary Thailand |
| Authors: | 釋慎行
Pancampa, Phra Subongkot |
| Contributors: | 林振源
林育生
Lin, Chen-Yuan
Lin, Yu-Sheng
釋慎行
Phra Subongkot Pancampa |
| Keywords: | 業力信仰
巫術信仰
泰國宗教
鬼故事
信仰調和策略
Belief in Karma
Belief in Magic
Thai Religion
Ghost Stories
Strategies for Reconciling Beliefs |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-09-01 16:14:41 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究旨在探討泰國人對業力信仰、巫術信仰，以及在兩種信仰之間的矛盾中所採取的調和策略。本研究在 Kanya Wattanagun的研究基礎上擴展視野，突破其僅限於知識分子群體的範疇，更廣泛地理解泰國社會中不同群體的觀點。
本研究採用多元方法以蒐集資料，包括：
一、內容分析：選取 YouTube 節目《The Ghost Radio》中最受歡迎的一百則鬼故事，僅納入同時涉及業力與巫術信仰的故事，分析這兩種信仰在敘事中的呈現方式及其所扮演的角色。
二、問卷調查：透過 Facebook 發布問卷，蒐集 68 份來自年滿 18 歲以上泰國民眾的有效樣本，涵蓋對業力、巫術的信仰程度及在假設情境中調和矛盾的策略。
三、深度訪談：訪談 10 位受訪者，分為三類：以業力信仰為主者、涉及巫術者，以及信仰混合者，以深入理解其態度與調和方式。
主要研究結果如下：
一、業力信仰；來自三種資料來源的多數受訪者皆認為「業即行為」以及「業是行為的結果」，此觀點與佛教教義一致，認為一切行為無論善惡皆必然導致不可避免的結果。業的運作機制被解釋為既可即時發生，也可跨越時間與生命週期。來自《The Ghost Radio》的故事多強調「即時報應」，使聽眾感受到業報的迫近性。個人經驗在塑造業力信仰中扮演關鍵角色。親身經歷過業報（不論是日常事件還是超自然事件）者，其信仰程度普遍高於未曾經歷者。
二、巫術信仰；多位深度訪談受訪者認為，巫術是一種「中性的工具」，本身無善惡，其結果取決於使用者的「意圖」。巫術被解釋為透過「潛意識層面的語言」運作，影響身心能量。對巫術的信仰往往是有條件的，通常出現在面對無法解釋的情況或需要心理支持時。親身經歷過巫術（特別是超自然經驗）者，信仰程度明顯高於其他群體。《The Ghost Radio》的故事中，對被施降頭者的描述包括：從怪異夢境與身體不適開始，發展至被控制身體，甚至出現臨終徵兆；同時也呈現驅邪、防禦巫術的方法，以及巫師的特徵與限制。
三、業力與巫術信仰衝突的調和策略；泰國多數人並非在兩種信仰間擇一，而是選擇在「有條件的共存」中運作，策略多元：
（一）融合式策略：確立「業力高於巫術」，巫術雖可能帶來暫時影響，但最終業力的作用仍會展現。巫術被視為「催化劑」或「輔助者」，能加快善惡業的顯現速度，但無法從根本改變業報。
（二）分工式策略：以業力解釋長期的道德規範與命運，巫術則作為在危機或短期不確定情境中的「心理支持工具」。
（三）逃避式策略：部分群體，特別是受教育程度高或缺乏超自然經驗者，傾向否定兩種信仰，轉而以科學或世俗知識解釋，尤其在健康與經濟相關議題上。
再三種策略中，親身經歷過超自然事件（涉及業力與巫術）者，傾向採取融合策略或以業力為主的信仰模式。
本研究指出，泰國社會中的業力信仰與巫術信仰並非完全對立，而是一種相互交融的關係。「業力」依然是決定命運與道德體系的最高規範，而「巫術」則在面對生命不確定性時，充當實際操作與心理依託的工具。這種調整與妥協反映出泰國人在文化上的彈性與生活智慧，能將不同信仰有效整合，以應對無法掌控的情境。儘管科學知識的進展不斷推進，個人經驗依然是塑造並維繫此類信仰的重要因素。
This study aims to examine Thai people’s beliefs in karma and magic, as well as the strategies they employ to reconcile conflicts between the two. Building on the research of Kanya Wattanagun, this work expands the scope beyond the intellectual elite to encompass a broader understanding of perspectives across diverse social groups in Thai society.
This research adopts a multi-method approach to data collection, including:
1) Content Analysis – Selecting the 100 most popular ghost stories from the YouTube program The Ghost Radio, incorporating only those that involve karma and/or magic, and analyzing how these beliefs are represented in the narratives and the roles they play.
2) Questionnaire Survey – Distributing a questionnaire via Facebook, yielding 68 valid responses from Thai citizens aged 18 and above. The survey measured the degree of belief in karma and magic, as well as strategies for reconciling conflicts between them in hypothetical scenarios.
3) In-depth Interviews – Conducting interviews with 10 key informants, divided into three categories: those whose beliefs are primarily in karma, those involved with magic, and those with mixed beliefs, in order to gain deeper insights into their attitudes and reconciliation methods.
The main findings are as follows:
1) Belief in Karma – Across all three data sources, most participants held the view that “karma is action” and “karma is the result of action.” This perspective aligns with Buddhist doctrine, affirming that all actions, whether wholesome or unwholesome, inevitably lead to unavoidable consequences. The mechanism of karma was explained as occurring either immediately or across time and life cycles. Stories from The Ghost Radio frequently emphasized “immediate retribution,” enhancing the audience’s sense of the imminence of karmic consequences. Personal experience plays a key role in shaping belief in karma; those who had personally experienced karmic retribution—whether in daily life or supernatural events—generally exhibited stronger belief than those who had not.
2) Belief in Magic – Many in-depth interviewees regarded magic as a “neutral tool,” inherently neither good nor evil, with outcomes determined by the practitioner’s “intention.” Magic was explained as operating through a “language of the subconscious,” influencing physical and mental energies. Belief in magic was often conditional, typically emerging in situations that were inexplicable or when psychological support was needed. Those who had personally experienced magic—especially supernatural encounters—demonstrated significantly stronger belief than other groups. In The Ghost Radio stories, descriptions of individuals afflicted by khong (harmful magical influence) included: the onset of strange dreams and physical discomfort, progression to bodily control, and even signs of impending death; these narratives also depicted exorcism and protective measures, along with the characteristics and limitations of shamans.
3) Strategies for Reconciling Karma–Magic Conflicts – Most Thais do not choose exclusively between the two beliefs but instead operate within a framework of “conditional coexistence,” employing diverse strategies:
(1) Fusion Strategy – Establishing that “karma is superior to magic,” wherein magic may exert temporary influence but ultimately the effects of karma prevail. Magic is seen as a “catalyst” or “auxiliary” that can accelerate the manifestation of good or bad karma but cannot fundamentally alter karmic outcomes.
(2) Division of Labor Strategy – Using karma to explain long-term moral norms and destiny, while employing magic as a “psychological support tool” in times of crisis or short-term uncertainty.
(3) Avoidance Strategy – Some groups, particularly those with higher education or lacking supernatural experiences, tend to reject both beliefs, opting instead for scientific or secular explanations, especially regarding health and economic issues.
Among these strategies, those who had personally experienced supernatural events involving both karma and magic tended to adopt integrative strategies or karma-centered belief models.
This study concludes that in Thai society, beliefs in karma and magic are not entirely opposed but rather interwoven. “Karma” remains the supreme principle governing destiny and moral order, while “magic” serves as a practical and psychological resource in confronting life’s uncertainties. Such adaptation and compromise reflect the cultural flexibility and practical wisdom of Thais, enabling them to effectively integrate different belief systems to cope with uncontrollable situations. Despite the continuous advancement of scientific knowledge, personal experience remains a vital factor in shaping and sustaining these beliefs. |
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| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
宗教研究所
110156005 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110156005 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [宗教研究所] 學位論文
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