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    Title: 代孕契約之監管與子女權益之保障—以我國與英國法制比較為中心
    A Study on Supervision of Surrogacy Contracts and Protection of Children’s Rights and Interests—Comparing the Surrogacy Law Between the United Kingdom and Taiwan
    Authors: 林昀臻
    Lin, Yun-Cheng
    Contributors: 戴瑀如
    Tai, Yu-Zu
    林昀臻
    Lin, Yun-Cheng
    Keywords: 代孕人工生殖
    代孕親子關係
    維羅納原則
    人工生殖法
    2024年人工生殖法修正草案
    英國瓦諾克報告書
    英國布雷澤報告書
    英國代孕安排法
    英國人類生殖及胚胎研究法
    英國法律委員會2023年代孕草案
    Surrogacy
    Artificial Reproduction
    Parentage of Surrogacy
    Verona Principles
    Assisted Reproduction Act
    2024 draft amendment of the Assisted Reproduction Act
    Warnock Report 1984
    Brazier Report 1997
    Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985
    Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act
    the 2023 surrogacy draft
    Date: 2025
    Issue Date: 2025-09-01 16:47:20 (UTC+8)
    Abstract:   代孕生殖的演進給予無法生育者一線曙光,妥善運用將可以是造福不孕者的方法,惟不當濫用將可能造成侵害代孕者及代孕子女權利之結果,而使我國對於是否開放代孕一再卻步。然求子心切之潛在委託者不在少數,禁止代孕無法抑制乞求子嗣的渴望,致使潛在委託者只能向外或以非法管道尋求協助,此舉將造成代孕親子關係認定困難、委託者遭不肖仲介詐騙、嚴重侵害代孕者權益等問題發生。倘若開放國內代孕,反而可以降低國人從事國際代孕或地下代孕的誘因,對於代孕嚴加管制更能夠周全保障代孕者及代孕子女之權益,例如立法者可以選擇禁止商業型代孕、限制代孕當事人資格、醫療機構及代孕機構須經核准等監管手段,以平衡代孕可能侵害代孕者以及代孕子女權益之弊病。
      本文首先說明人工生殖與代孕生殖不同之處,以釐清我國允許異性夫妻實施人工生殖,卻禁止代孕之原因;其次,羅列贊成及反對代孕合法化之主張,以說明代孕可能產生之弊病得以藉由監管方式解決。另各國考量其背後之複雜性,而對於代孕制度有不盡相同的選擇,本文將介紹若干禁止及開放代孕之國家,開放代孕之國家又可依其管制嚴謹或寬鬆為區別。
      英國自1985年制定代孕安排法將代孕合法化迄今已有多年歷史,相較於我國至今尚未開放代孕而言,英國代孕法制發展較早且實務運作行之有年,而英國代孕法制同我國代孕立法芻議,僅開放利他型代孕,且相當尊重代孕者之自主決定,故本文擇以作為比較法國家。然而英國由於代孕法制的不足,導致公權力僅能於子女出生後進行審查,又親子關係之認定仍先遵循分娩者為母原則,再由委託者向法院聲請親子令,將親權由代孕者移轉至委託者,造成代孕子女身分不安定,從而於2023年由法律委員會出具之諮詢報告及擬定之代孕草案,希冀引入孕前審查制度並改變親子關係認定方式,由代孕機構職司監督代孕之責。若經代孕機構確認符合代孕各項要件,於子女出生時,即能由具有意願之委託者成為子女之法定家長。同時,為確保代孕者之意願受到尊重,其同意擔任代孕者毋庸獲配偶同意始得為之,另賦予其於一定期間內享有撤回同意之權利,再由法院依照兒童福祉決定法定家長。
      我國則是對於代孕合法化未能產生共識,故討論幾十餘年迄今尚未有定論,故本文將介紹我國歷年來對於代孕之立法芻議及實務爭議。衛生福利部於2024年5月14日預告人工生殖法修正草案擬使代孕生殖合法化,該草案對於代孕當事人要件、事前諮詢與評估程序、代孕契約成立要件和無效事由及代孕親子關係之認定等面向均有所規範。雖然最終因社會爭議過大,而決定先行將代孕與本次修法脫鉤處理,但公布後確實引起各界回響以及討論,故本文將針對該草案進行全面性的介紹與評析,探討有何不完善之處使多數國人對於代孕仍心存疑慮。
      最後,於比較我國2024年部版修法草案及英國2023年代孕草案後,進而提出本文見解及結論。本文認為代孕法制之設計,基本原則為「維護代孕者基本權利及尊重其意願」以及「子女最佳利益為首要考量、確保親子關係穩定」,另針對我國部版修法草案提出若干建議,例如應開放無法生育之單身者得以委託代孕,且應限制委託次數;為防免婦女基於人情或親情遊說,而不得不擔任代孕者,故應增訂委託者與代孕者間的輩分及親等限制;不符合代孕要件(如誤植胚胎、使用代孕者及其配偶之生殖細胞等)之情況,親子關係認定應類推適用人工生殖法等,以供作為往後代孕立法方向之參考。
    The evolution of surrogacy has brought a glimmer of hope to those unable to conceive. Properly utilized, it can be a method to benefit infertile individuals. However, improper use may infringe upon the rights of surrogates and children, which has caused Taiwan to repeatedly hesitate in deciding whether to legalize surrogacy. Nevertheless, there remain numerous intended parents who are deeply eager to have children. Banning surrogacy cannot suppress the desire for offspring, but it drives intended parents to seek assistance through country where surrogacy is illegal or international surrogacy. This could result in difficulties in recognizing surrogate parent-child relationships, exposing intended parents to fraud by unscrupulous intermediaries, and severe violations of the rights of surrogates. If domestic surrogacy were to be legalized, it could reduce the incentive for international or underground surrogacy. Strict regulation of surrogacy could more comprehensively protect the rights of surrogates and children. For example, legislators could choose to ban commercial surrogacy, restrict the eligibility of surrogacy parties, and mandate fertility clinics and surrogacy organizations to obtain approval, to balance potential risks.
    This thesis first explains the differences between assisted reproductive technology and surrogacy to clarify why Taiwan allows heterosexual couples to undergo assisted reproductive technology but prohibits surrogacy. Second, this thesis lists the arguments for and against the legalization of surrogacy to illustrate that the potential harms of surrogacy can be addressed through regulatory measures. Additionally, different countries have made varying choices regarding surrogacy systems due to their underlying complexities. This thesis will introduce several countries that prohibit or permit surrogacy, with those permitting surrogacy further categorized based on the strictness or leniency of their regulatory frameworks.
    The United Kingdom legalized surrogacy since the Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985. The United Kingdom's surrogacy laws were established earlier and have been in practice for many years. In contrast, Taiwan has yet to legalize surrogacy. Similar to Taiwan's proposed surrogacy legislation, the United Kingdom's surrogacy laws only permit altruistic surrogacy and place significant emphasis on the autonomy of surrogates. Therefore, this thesis selects the United Kingdom as the country of comparative analysis. However, due to the inadequacies of the UK's surrogacy legislation, the court can only review surrogacy arrangement after the child is born. Additionally, the determination of surrogate parent-child relationships still follows the principle that the woman who gives birth is the legal mother. Intended parents must then apply for a parental order to transfer parental status, parental responsibility, and parental rights from the surrogate. This results in the unstable legal status of children. Consequently, the Law Commission issued a consultation report (Building families through surrogacy: a new law) and drafted a surrogacy bill (The Surrogacy Act 2023), aiming to introduce a pre-pregnancy review system and alter the method of determining parentage of surrogacy, with surrogacy organizations assigned the responsibility for supervising surrogacy. If the surrogacy organization confirms that all surrogacy requirements are met, intended parents could be recognized as the child’s legal parents at birth. To protect surrogate autonomy, her consent to act as a surrogate does not require her spouse's consent, and she is granted the right to withdraw consent within a specified period. The court then determines the legal status based on the child's welfare.
    In Taiwan, there has been no consensus on the legalization of surrogacy, so after decades of discussion, no conclusion has been reached to date. This thesis will introduce the legislative drafts and practical controversies regarding surrogacy over the years. The Ministry of Health and Welfare announced a draft amendment to the Artificial Reproduction Act aiming to legalize surrogacy on May 14, 2024. The draft establishes regulations on the eligibility criteria for surrogacy parties, pre-surrogacy counselling and assessment procedures, the formation and invalidity of surrogacy contracts, and the determination of parentage. Although the draft was ultimately separated from the current amendment due to significant social controversy, its publication did spark widespread discussion and debate. This thesis will provide a comprehensive introduction and analysis of the draft, exploring its shortcomings that have led to widespread public skepticism regarding surrogacy.
    Finally, after comparing the 2024 draft amendment in Taiwan with the 2023 surrogacy draft in the UK, this thesis presents its conclusions. It argues that the fundamental principles for designing a surrogacy legal framework should be: protecting the basic rights of surrogates and respecting their intentions, and prioritizing the best interests of the child while ensuring the stability of the parentage. Additionally, this thesis offers several recommendations regarding the 2024 draft amendment. These recommendations may serve as references for the future development of surrogacy legislation in Taiwan.
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    46、黃義成(2009),〈兒童知悉其來源及受父母照顧之權利在人工生殖之運用以英國法為中心〉,《法學新論》,第11期,頁121-151。
    47、黃宗樂(1978),〈英國收養法(上)〉,《國立臺灣大學法學論叢》,第7卷第2期,頁303-338。
    48、黃宗樂(1978),〈英國收養法(下)〉,《臺大法學論叢》,第8卷第1期,頁207-237。
    49、黃于玲(2015),〈第三方精卵捐贈生殖及匿名制的變遷:以英國規範發展為例〉,《月旦醫事法報告》,第90期,頁119-141。
    50、潘榮華、楊芳(2006),〈英國代孕合法化二十年歷史回顧〉,《醫學與哲學》,第27卷第11期,頁49-51。
    51、雷文玫(2006),〈保障兒童與婦女權益:人工生殖相關立法的挑戰與機會〉,《律師雜誌》,第318期,頁1-4。
    52、雷文玫(1999),〈兩對父母的拔河—從父母子女關係之認定看近來代理孕母合法化爭議〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第52期,頁46-59。
    53、劉庭維(2022),〈代孕契約糾紛案:代孕契約違反公共秩序或善良風俗〉,《月旦醫事法報告》,第65期,頁95-113。
    54、劉昭辰(2012),〈媽媽的秘密和子女血緣認知權〉,《月旦法學教室》,第113期,頁18-20。
    55、鄧學仁(2024),〈人工生殖法修法之爭議〉,《當代法律》,第30期,頁6-11。
    56、鄧學仁(2020),〈同性婚姻與親子關係之研究〉,《全國律師》,第24卷第7期,頁78-89。
    57、戴瑀如(2024),〈多元家庭與人權保障下對於人工生殖法草案之評析〉,《當代法律》,第30期,頁31-46。
    58、戴瑀如(2016),〈由歐洲人權法院裁判再探代孕之禁制與開放──論子女最佳利益之優位原則〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第253期,頁210-232。
    59、戴瑀如(2007),〈從德國立法例論我國新人工生殖法對親屬法之衝擊〉,《法令月刊》,第58卷第8期,頁128-145。
    60、戴瑀如(2018),〈同性婚姻立法之相關問題──由德國民法納入同性婚所帶來的疑義檢視我國之立法方向〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第283期,頁53-69。
    61、戴東雄(1987),〈孩子,你的父母是誰?─論人工生殖之子女,尤其試管嬰兒在法律上之身分〉,《法學叢刊》,第32卷第1期,頁13-29。
    62、戴東雄(2015),〈會面交往之內容與請求會面交往之主體〉,《月旦法學教室》,第157期,頁12-14。
    63、薛瑞元(1999),〈「代理孕母」的管制原則及措施〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第52期,頁40-45。
    64、薛瑞元(1998),〈「代理孕母」所生子女的身分認定誰是他的母親?〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第38期,頁65-76。
    65、謝宜霓(2018),〈我的身體你作主?論臺灣人工流產配偶同意條款正當性〉,《月旦醫事法報告》,第18期,頁16-28。
    66、顏厥安(1995),〈沒有臉龐的權利主體—由法理學檢討生物科技與人工生殖技術〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第2期,頁9-17。
    67、顏厥安(1997),〈自由與倫理—由代理孕母的合法化問題談價值命題的論證〉,《政大法學評論》,第57期,頁225-239。
    68、顏厥安(1997),〈國家不應禁止代理孕母的法哲學與憲法學根據〉,《應用倫理研究通訊》,第4期,頁34-35。
    69、蘇淑貞(2006),〈談「人工生殖法」〉,《律師雜誌》,第318期,頁30-35。
    (五)學位論文
    1、王昕惠(2021),《論同性婚下人工生殖親子關係—以美國若干州法與我國之比較為中心》,國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    2、江佳樺(2016),《代理孕母親子關係之研究》,國立臺北大學法律研究所碩士論文。
    3、艾楷勛(2023),《代孕者身體自主權之探討-以美國法為中心》,國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    4、林旭暉(2008),《從人工生殖法檢視人工生殖子女之法律地位》,私立銘傳大學法律學系碩士論文。
    5、邱郁之(2013),《營利型代孕居間機構之倫理可容許性及其注意義務》,國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    6、洪翊軒(2018),《代孕親子關係之研究-以美國法為借鏡》,國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,2018年。
    7、洪宜辰(2020),《論代孕生殖之憲法爭議—以憲法第22條生育權為核心》,國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    8、曹宜琳(2022),《印度代孕制度之研究—兼評我國人工生殖法代孕生殖草案》,國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    9、許昭元(2004),《論生殖性複製與生殖自由》,國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    10、陳鳳珠(2003),《代孕契約法律關係之研究》,國立成功大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    11、陳政伸(2016),《血緣認知權之探究》,私立輔仁大學法律學系碩士論文。
    12、陳思吟(2020),《同性家庭親子關係之研究-以我國人工生殖法為探討中心》,國立高雄大學法律系碩士在職專班碩士論文。
    13、陽佳君(2003),《論代理孕母所生子女之法律地位》,國立成功大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    14、黃世團(2009),《公民會議與代議民主的制度連結—以「代理孕母」為分析個案》,國立臺灣大學國家發展研究所碩士論文。
    15、趙勻(2016),《跨國商業代孕:我國委託者與子女之法律上困境》,國立清華大學科技法律研究所碩士論文。
    16、謝易達(2012),《代理孕母法律問題之研究—憲法與民法領域交錯的保障》,國立中正大學法律學系碩士論文。
    17、薛宇婷(2006),《我國基因型代孕法制化之研究》,私立東海大學法律學研究所碩士論文。
    (六)政府資料
    1、立法院(2001),《立法院議案關係文書》,院總第1674號,政府提案第7828號。
    2、立法院(2001),《立法院議案關係文書》,院總第1674號,委員提案第3535號。
    3、立法院(2002),《立法院議案關係文書》,院總第1586號,委員提案第4260號。
    4、立法院(2003),《立法院議案關係文書》,院總第1586號,委員提案第4802號。
    5、立法院(2005),《立法院第六屆第二會期第一次會議議案關係文書》,院總第1586號,委員提案第10174號。
    6、立法院(2013),《立法院公報》,第103卷第3期。
    7、立法院(2013),《立法院第八屆第四會期第四次會議議案關係文書》,院總第1586號,委員提案第15405號。
    8、立法院(2014),《立法院第八屆第五會期第八次會議議案關係文書》,院總第1586號,委員提案第16360號。
    9、立法院(2020),《立法院第十屆第一會期第十一次會議議案關係文書》,院總第1044號,委員提案第24487號。
    10、立法院(2023),《立法院第十屆第八會期第二次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第10041425號。
    11、立法院(2023),《立法院第十屆第八會期第四次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第10041896號。
    12、立法院(2023),《立法院第十屆第八會期第四次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第10041890號。
    13、立法院(2024),《立法院第十一屆第一會期第二次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第11000608號。
    14、立法院(2024),《立法院第十一屆第一會期第三次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第11000683號。
    15、立法院(2024),《立法院第十一屆第一會期第八次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第11002779號。
    16、立法院(2024),《立法院第十一屆第一會期第八次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第11002726號。
    17、立法院(2024),《立法院第十一屆第一會期第十次會議議案關係文書》,院總第20號,委員提案第11003453號。
    18、行政院衛生署75年7月8日衛署保字第597301號公告。
    19、法務部107年11月15日法律字第10703517630號。
    20、法務部109年12月31日法律字第10903517980號。
    21、法務部112年9月14日法律字第11203511410號。
    22、法務部104年12月1日法律字第10403515680號。
    23、法務部103年4月22日法律字第10303504730號。
    (七)法院裁判
    1、最高法院100台抗字第1026號民事裁定。
    2、臺灣高等法院暨所屬法院103年法律座談會民事類提案第10號。
    3、臺灣臺北地方法院110年度審簡字第2008號刑事判決。
    4、臺灣臺北地方法院111年度審簡上字第65號刑事判決。
    5、臺灣新竹地方法院98年度竹簡字第281號民事判決。
    6、臺灣臺中地方法院97年度訴字第2432號民事判決。
    7、臺灣士林地方法院108年度訴字第1894號民事判決。
    8、臺灣高等法院109年度上易字第1202號民事判決。
    9、臺灣彰化地方法院104年度易緝字第19號刑事判決。
    10、臺灣高等法院臺中分院102年度上易字第219號刑事判決。
    11、臺灣高雄少年及家事法院111年度家訴字第15號民事判決。
    12、臺灣臺北地方法院99年度家訴字第100號民事判決。
    13、臺灣高等法院100年度上易字第772號刑事判決。
    14、臺灣高等法院93年度家上字第330號民事判決。
    15、臺灣高雄地方法院108年度訴字第31號民事判決。
    16、臺灣高等法院高雄分院109年度上字第237號民事判決。
    17、臺灣桃園地方法院113年度司養聲字第2號民事裁定。
    18、臺灣桃園地方法院113年度司養聲字第146號民事裁定。
    19、臺灣臺北地方法院100年親字第39號民事判決。
    20、臺灣臺南地方法院112年度司養聲字第21號民事裁定。
    21、臺灣新北地方法院112年度司養聲字第175號民事裁定。
    22、臺灣新北地方法院112年度司養聲字第46號民事裁定。
    23、臺灣高雄地方法院101年度司養聲字第38號民事裁定。
    (八)網路資料
    1、Abby Huang(2024/12/04),〈【關鍵專訪】代孕在台灣可不可行?林靜儀:合法恐強化女性傳宗接代責任〉,關鍵評論網,https://www.thenewslens.com/feature/assistedreproductionact/206395。
    2、Nicole Lee(2022/06/02),〈陳鎮川,我的小孩有兩個爸爸〉,VOGUE TAIWAN,https://www.vogue.com.tw/entertainment/article/isaac-chen-story。
    3、台大社會學系新聞稿(2012/09/29),〈歷經近一個月共五天的「代孕制度」公民結論報告出爐〉,https://2012surrogacydd.blogspot.com/2012/。
    4、艾莎(2021/01/21),〈中國明星鄭爽被指代孕棄養引發憤怒和爭議〉,紐約時報中文網,https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20210121/china-surrogate-baby/zh-hant/。
    5、自由時報(2019/09/29),〈風險再高也要拼命生!52歲代理孕母下月將懷第16胎〉,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/2930943。
    6、亞麻子(2021/12/07),〈台灣同志伴侶「想在自己國家生養小孩」的荊棘之路—專訪媒體人鄒宗翰、同家會秘書長黎璿萍〉,換日線, https://crossing.cw.com.tw/article/15602。
    7、忠義基金會,收養服務,https://www.cybaby.org.tw/service/37/59/。
    8、袁齊(2023/11/14),〈英國擬修改生育法:捐精、捐卵者在孩子出生那一刻起,將失去過去保有的匿名權〉,關鍵評論網,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/194625。
    9、陳德倫(2024/06/25),〈女人能「自願出借」子宮嗎?在人性、利益與倫理間永恆激辯的代孕難題〉,報導者,https://www.twreporter.org/a/disputes-around-surrogacy-ethic-debates-and-amendment。
    10、陳德倫(2024/06/25),〈首位公開受訪的台籍代理孕母Lily:走過生產鬼門關,不後悔幫助求子的父母〉,報導者,https://www.twreporter.org/a/interview-taiwanese-surrogate-mother-lily。
    11、陳昭如(2024/02/05),〈「嬰兒市場」會帶來更多自由、正義與平等嗎?參考《國際女性主義廢除代孕公約》〉,關鍵評論網,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/198333。
    12、陳昭姿(2020/05/11),〈收養和不孕是兩回事〉,自由評論網, https://talk.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/1371842。
    13、曹馥年、藍婉甄(2024/06/25),〈全球代孕市場爆發,同婚合法的台灣成為業者布局亞洲重要節點〉,報導者,https://www.twreporter.org/a/taiwan-as-a-cross-border-ivf-and-surrogacy-marketing-stronghold-in-asia(最後瀏覽日:2025/02/08)。
    14、曹馥年(2024/06/25),〈天涯海角「求生」記:不孕、同志家長和志願單親,淚與愛的代孕之路〉,報導者,https://www.twreporter.org/a/those-who-have-children-through-surrogacy。
    15、張茗喧(2018/3/7),〈長庚助62歲婦產子 全台自然產最高齡〉,中央社, https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201803070067.aspx。
    16、婦女新知基金會(2024/12/5),〈「反對剝削女性,退回代孕法案!」抗議立法院強審代孕法案公民行動〉,https://www.awakening.org.tw/news/6111。
    17、曾惠敏(2022/03/23),〈俄烏戰事/家庭團圓夢碎 基輔一地下室收留超過20名代孕新生兒〉,公視新聞網,https://news.pts.org.tw/article/572931(最後瀏覽日:2025/07/26)。
    18、黃筱珮、楊惠君、郭文宏(2016/07/26),〈試管世代/台灣首位試管嬰兒「張小弟」升格當爸 父女同一醫師「催生」〉,民報,https://www.peoplemedia.tw/news/b977d12a-439f-4ea3-8594-c258250e4257。
    19、楊惠琪(2022/12/02),〈同志單親爸Sean跨海求子 歷經2年、失敗3次,終圓父親夢〉,天下雜誌,https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5123672。
    20、臺中榮民總醫院婦產部主任周明明(2025/03/03),〈植入性胎盤-前胎剖腹產後最嚴重的孕產婦併發症〉,https://www.vghtc.gov.tw/UnitPage/RowViewDetail?WebRowsID=c3439594-cdf2-4221-a129-a6ad17a13892&UnitID=349b6142-4637-4356-8a17-a553d01d0b52&CompanyID=e8e0488e-54a0-44bf-b10c-d029c423f6e7&UnitDefaultTemplate=1。
    21、德國之聲中文網(2021/01/23),〈專訪:我是如何成為代孕母親的?〉,https://www.dw.com/zh-hant/%E5%B0%88%E8%A8%AA-%E6%88%91%E6%98%AF%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E6%88%90%E7%82%BA%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%95%E6%AF%8D%E8%A6%AA%E7%9A%84/a-53842598。
    22、衛生福利部(2015/11/16),〈響應世界早產兒日,共同關懷「小腳丫」!〉,https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2650-19801-1.html。
    23、衛生福利部(2024/12/02),〈關於人工生殖法修法草案是否將代孕脫鉤處理的說明〉,https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=4809&pid=18620。
    24、轉角國際(2025/02/05),〈中國「地下代孕」跨國犯罪升級版:百名泰國女子遭騙至喬治亞強迫取卵〉, https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/8528674。
    25、轉角國際(2024/09/02),〈無麻醉取卵、販售出生證明:中國「地下代孕實驗室」黑色產業鏈〉, https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/8200763。
    26、轉角國際(2024/10/23),〈義大利最嚴格代孕禁令:海外代孕入罪,可處2年監禁和100萬歐元罰款〉,https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/8310681。
    27、轉角國際(2022/10/19),〈平行母親與戰爭寶寶:戰火中的烏克蘭代理孕母危機〉,https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/6698741。
    28、顏宏駿(2015/08/07),〈仲介代理孕母生4嬰 男子獨犯人工生殖法判3月〉,自由時報, https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/1404302。
    29、藍婉甄(2025/02/14),〈白菜寶寶協會再爆糾紛:遊走海外代孕灰色仲介地帶,更開始「協助」捐卵〉,報導者,https://www.twreporter.org/a/disputes-around-surrogacy-2。
    二、英文參考文獻(按英文字母排序)
    (一)專書
    1、Apostolidou, A. (2023). Reproducing Fictional Ethnographies: Surrogacy and Digitally Performed Anthropological Knowledge. Springer Nature Publishing.
    2、Jens Scherpe ,Claire Fenton-Glynn, &Terry Kaan (2019). Eastern and Western perspectives on surrogacy. Cambridge: Intersentia Publishing.
    3、Trimmings, K., & Beaumont, P. R. (2013). International surrogacy arrangements: legal regulation at the international level. Hart Publishing.
    4、Walmsley, E. (2019). Reforming UK Surrogacy Law: Bridging the Gap Between Regulation and Practice. The University of Liverpool (United Kingdom) Publishing.
    (二)專書論文
    1、Apostolidou, A. (2023). The Literary and the Ethnographic: Fictionalizing Surrogacy. In Apostolidou, A. (eds), Reproducing Fictional Ethnographies: Surrogacy and Digitally Performed Anthropological Knowledge. Springer International Publishing.
    2、Dodd, G. (2003). Surrogacy and the Law in Britain: Users’ Perspectives. In Cook, R., Sclater, S. D., & Kaganas, F. (eds), Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing.
    3、Horsey, K. (2017). Challenging presumptions: legal parenthood and surrogacy arrangements. In Stephen Gilmore (eds), Parental Rights and Responsibilities. Routledge Publishing.
    4、Horsey, K., & Neofytou, K. (2015). The fertility treatment time forgot: What should be done about surrogacy in the UK?. In Horsey, K. (eds), Revisiting the Regulation of Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Routledge Publishing
    5、Mahmoud, Z. (2024). Comparing surrogacy regulation in the UK and California. In Hannah Zagel (eds), Reproduction Policy in the Twenty-First Century. Edward Elgar Publishing.
    (三)研究計畫
    1、Wade, K., Horsey, K., & Mahmoud, Z. (2023). Children's Voices in Surrogacy Law: Phase One Preliminary Report.
    (四)期刊文獻
    1、Alexandra Harland, J. (2021). Surrogacy, identity, parentage and Childrenʼs rights–Through the eyes of a child. Family Court Review, 59(1), 121-130.
    2、Busby, K., & Vun, D. (2010). Revisiting the Handmaid's tale: feminist theory meets empirical research on surrogate mothers. Can. J. Fam. L., 26, 13-93.
    3、Brahams, D. (1987). The hasty British ban on commercial surrogacy. Hastings Center Report, 17(1), 16-19.
    4、Brazier, M., Golombok, S., & Campbell, A. (1997). Surrogacy: review for the UK Health Ministers of current arrangements for payments and regulation. Human Reproduction Update-Including CD ROM, 3(6), 623-628.
    5、Brown, A. (2018). Two means two, but must does not mean must: an analysis of recent decisions on the conditions for parental orders in surrogacy. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 30(1), 23-40.
    6、Brinsden, P. R. (2003). Gestational surrogacy. Human Reproduction Update, 9(5), 483-491.
    7、Blyth, E. (1995). The United Kingdom's Human Fertillisation and Embryology Act 1990 and the Welfare of the Child: A Critique. International Journal of Children's Rights, 3, 417-438.
    8、Crawshaw, M., Purewal, S., & van den Akker, O. (2013). Working at the margins: The views and experiences of court social workers on parental orders work in surrogacy arrangements. British Journal of Social Work, 43(6), 1225-1243.
    9、Ciccarelli, J. C., & Beckman, L. J. (2005). Navigating rough waters: an overview of psychological aspects of surrogacy. Journal of Social Issues, 61(1), 21-43.
    10、Dermout, S., Van De Wiel, H., Heintz, P., Jansen, K., & Ankum, W. (2010). Non-commercial surrogacy: an account of patient management in the first Dutch Centre for IVF Surrogacy, from 1997 to 2004. Human Reproduction, 25(2), 443-449.
    11、Evans, N. (2020). The Legal Regulation of Surrogacy in the UK: The Need for Change. Manchester Review of Law, Crime and Ethics, 9, 32-55.
    12、Frati, P., Busardò, F. P., Vergallo, G. M., Pacchiarotti, A., & Fineschi, V. (2015). Surrogate motherhood: Where Italy is now and where Europe is going. Can the genetic mother be considered the legal mother?. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 30, 4-8.
    13、Fenton-Glynn, C. (2015). The regulation and recognition of surrogacy under English law: an overview of the case-law. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 27, 83-95.
    14、Gamble, N. (2012). Made in the USA-Representing UK Parents Conceiving Through Surrogacy and ART in the United States. Fam. LQ, 46, 155-168.
    15、Gunnarsson Payne, J., Korolczuk, E., & Mezinska, S. (2020). Surrogacy relationships: a critical interpretative review. Upsala journal of medical sciences, 125(2), 183-191.
    16、Hodson, N., Townley, L., & Earp, B. D. (2019). Removing harmful options: the law and ethics of international commercial surrogacy. Medical Law Review, 27(4), 597-622.
    17、Horsey, K., Arian-Schad, M., Macklon, N., & Ahuja, K. (2022). UK surrogates’ characteristics, experiences, and views on surrogacy law reform. International journal of law, policy and the family, 36(1), 1-16.
    18、Horsey, K. (2016). Fraying at the edges: UK surrogacy law in 2015. Medical Law Review, 24(4), 608-621.
    19、Horsey, K., & Sheldon, S. (2012). Still hazy after all these years: the law regulating surrogacy. Medical law review, 20(1), 67-89.
    20、Horsey, K., Arian-Schad, M., Macklon, N., & Ahuja, K. K. (2023). UK intended parents’ characteristics, experiences, and views on surrogacy law reform. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 37(1), 1-17.
    21、Jadva, V., Blake, L., Casey, P., & Golombok, S. (2012). Surrogacy families 10 years on: relationship with the surrogate, decisions over disclosure and children's understanding of their surrogacy origins. Human reproduction, 27(10), 3008-3014.
    22、Jadva, V., Murray, C., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., & Golombok, S. (2003). Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers. Human reproduction, 18(10), 2196-2204.
    23、Jadva, V. (2020). Postdelivery adjustment of gestational carriers, intended parents, and their children. Fertility and sterility, 113(5), 903-907.
    24、Jadva, V., Prosser, H., & Gamble, N. (2021). Cross-border and domestic surrogacy in the UK context: an exploration of practical and legal decision-making. Human Fertility (Cambridge, England), 24(2), 93-104.
    25、Jadva, V., Jones, C., Hall, P., Imrie, S., & Golombok, S. (2023). ‘I know it’s not normal but it’s normal to me, and that’s all that matters’: experiences of young adults conceived through egg donation, sperm donation, and surrogacy. Human Reproduction, 38(5), 908-916.
    26、Jackson, E. (2016). UK Law and International Commercial Surrogacy: The Very Antithesis of Sensible. Journal of Medical Law and Ethics, 4(3), 197-214.
    27、Latham, S. R. (2020). The United Kingdom revisits its surrogacy law. Hastings center report, 50(1), 6-7.
    28、Leon, Grigorios, Angela Papetta, and Chara Spiliopoulou. (2011). Overview of the Greek legislation regarding assisted reproduction and comparison with the EU legal framework. Reproductive biomedicine online, 23(7), 820-823.
    29、Lima, D. (2024). Legal parenthood in surrogacy: shifting the focus to the surrogate’s negative intention. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 46(2), 245-266.
    30、Mulligan, A. (2020). Protecting identity in collaborative assisted reproduction: the right to know one’s gestational surrogate. International Journal of Law, Policy and The Family, 34(1), 20-42.
    31、Norrie, K. M. (2017). English and Scottish adoption orders and British parental orders after surrogacy: welfare, competence and judicial legislation. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 29(1), 1-29.
    32、Olaye-Felix, B., Allen, D. E., & Metcalfe, N. H. (2023). Surrogacy and the law in the UK. Postgraduate medical journal, 99(1170), 358-362.
    33、Prosser, H., & Gamble, N. (2016). Modern surrogacy practice and the need for reform. Journal of Medical Law and Ethics, 4, 257-274.
    34、Priest, J. A. (1985). The Report of the Warnock Committee on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. The Modern Law Review, 48(1), 73-85.
    35、Reznik, O. M., & Yakushchenko, Y. M. (2020). Legal considerations surrounding surrogacy in Ukraine. Wiadomości Lekarskie, 73(5), 1048-1052.
    36、Schover, L. R. (2014). Cross-border surrogacy: the case of Baby Gammy highlights the need for global agreement on protections for all parties. Fertility and sterility, 102(5), 1258-1259.
    37、Sheldon, S., Lee, E., & Macvarish, J. (2015). ‘Supportive Parenting’, Responsibility and Regulation: The Welfare Assessment under the Reformed Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990). The Modern Law Review, 78(3), 461-492.
    38、Straehle, C. (2016). Is there a right to surrogacy?. Journal of applied philosophy, 33(2), 146-159.
    39、Teman, E. (2008). The social construction of surrogacy research: An anthropological critique of the psychosocial scholarship on surrogate motherhood. Social science & medicine, 67(7), 1104-1112.
    40、Thaldar, D. (2019). The Constitution as an instrument of prejudice: a critique of AB v Minister of Social Development. Constitutional Court Review, 9(1), 343-361.
    41、Van den Akker, O. (2000). The importance of a genetic link in mothers commissioning a surrogate baby in the UK. Human reproduction, 15(8), 1849-1855.
    42、Vergallo, G. M., Marinelli, S., Napoletano, G., De Paola, L., Treglia, M., Zaami, S., & Frati, P. (2025). 20 Years Since the Enactment of Italian Law No. 40/2004 on Medically Assisted Procreation: How It Has Changed and How It Could Change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(2), 296-311.
    43、Wade, K. (2017). The regulation of surrogacy: a children’s rights perspective. Child and family law quarterly, 29(2), 113-131.
    44、Welstead, M. (2011). This Child is My Child; This Child is Your Child; This Child Was Made for You and Me-Surrogacy in England and Wales. Int'l Surv. Fam. L., 165-186.
    (五)學位論文
    1、D’Alton-Harrison, R. (2018). Governance of the Legal and Domiciled Parent: International Surrogacy, Border Controls and the ‘Disconnected’ Family. University of Leicester.
    (六)政府資料
    1、Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act, 2008. Available at: https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-07/08-76aa024%20authorised.pdf.
    2、ACT Government, Entering a surrogacy arrangement. Available at: https://www.act.gov.au/community/families/entering-a-surrogacy-arrangement.
    3、Abortion Act, 1967. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/contents.
    4、Brunet, L., King, D., Davaki, K., McCandless, J., Marzo, C., & Carruthers, J. (2012). Comparative study on the regime of surrogacy in the EU member states.
    5、Cafcass (2016), Parental Order Reporters. Available at: https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2023-06/Parental-Order-Reporters.pdf.
    6、Cafcass, Parental Orders (Surrogacy). Available at: https://www.cafcass.gov.uk/parent-carer-or-family-member/applications-parental-responsibility/parental-orders-surrogacy.
    7、Department of Health and Social Care (2024), The surrogacy pathway: surrogacy and the legal process for intended parents and surrogates in England and Wales. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/having-a-child-through-surrogacy/the-surrogacy-pathway-surrogacy-and-the-legal-process-for-intended-parents-and-surrogates-in-england-and-wales.
    8、Department of Health & Social Security (1984), Report of The Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology. Available at: https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2608/warnock-report-of-the-committee-of-inquiry-into-human-fertilisation-and-embryology-1984.pdf.
    9、Department of Health & Social Care (2024), Care in surrogacy: guidance for the care of surrogates and intended parents in surrogate births in England and Wales. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/having-a-child-through-surrogacy/care-in-surrogacy-guidance-for-the-care-of-surrogates-and-intended-parents-in-surrogate-births-in-england-and-wales.
    10、HFEA, Using donated eggs, sperm or embryos in treatment. Available at: https://www.hfea.gov.uk/treatments/explore-all-treatments/using-donated-eggs-sperm-or-embryos-in-treatment/.
    11、HFEA, Sperm donation and the law-for donors. Available at: https://www.hfea.gov.uk/donation/donors/donating-your-sperm/sperm-donation-and-the-law-for-donors/.
    12、HFEA, Welfare of the child: patient history form. Available at: https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/2791/welfare-of-the-child-form-v3.pdf.
    13、HFEA, The Code of Practice version 9.4. Available at: https://portal.hfea.gov.uk/media/yrkn55xa/2024-10-01-hfea-code-of-practice-v9-4.pdf.
    14、Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, 1990. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/37/contents.
    15、Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, 2008. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/22/contents.
    16、International Social Service (2021), Principles for the protection of the rights of the child born through surrogacy(Verona principles). Available at: https://bettercarenetwork.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/VeronaPrinciples_25February2021.pdf.
    17、Jarrett, T. (2019). Children: surrogacy—single people and parental orders (UK). House of Common Briefing Paper, 1-28.
    18、Law Commission (2023), Draft Surrogacy Bill. Available at: https://cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/30/2023/03/3.-Surrogacy-draft-bill.pdf.
    19、Law Commission (2023), Building families through surrogacy: a new law – Volume I: Core Report. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20250109093958mp_/https://cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/30/2023/03/1.-Surrogacy-core-report.pdf.
    20、Law Commission (2023), Building families through surrogacy: a new law – Volume II: Full Report. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20250109102443mp_/https://cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/30/2023/03/2.-Surrogacy-full-report.pdf.
    21、Law Commission (2023), Building families through surrogacy: a new law – Volume III : Draft Bill. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20250109113136mp_/https://cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/30/2023/03/3.-Surrogacy-draft-bill.pdf.
    22、Parentage Act, 2004. Available at: https://www.legislation.act.gov.au/View/a/2004-1/current/html/2004-1.html.
    23、Parentage Regulation, 2024. Available at: https://legislation.act.gov.au/View/sl/2024-14/current/html/2024-14.html.
    24、Surrogacy Arrangements Act, 1985. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/49.
    25、Surrogacy Act, 2010. Available at: https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-2010-002.
    26、Surrogacy Act, 2008. Available at: https://www.legislation.wa.gov.au/legislation/prod/filestore.nsf/FileURL/mrdoc_14284.pdf/$FILE/Surrogacy%20Act%202008%20-%20%5B00-b0-08%5D.pdf?OpenElement.
    27、The Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Disclosure of Information for Research Purposes) Regulations, 2010. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/995/contents/made.
    28、The UK government website, Basic DBS check: guidance for applicants. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/basic-dbs-checks-guidance.
    29、The UK government website, Check someone's criminal record as an employer. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/dbs-check-applicant-criminal-record.
    (七)法院裁判
    1、A & B (Children) (Surrogacy: Parental orders: time limits) [2015] EWHC 911.
    2、A & Anor v C & Anor [2016] EWFC 42.
    3、A & Anor v P & Ors [2011] EWHC 1738.
    4、A B and C (UK surrogacy expences) [2016] EWFC 33.
    5、AB (Surrogacy: Consent), Re [2016] EWHC 2643.
    6、CW v NT & Anor [2011] EWHC 33.
    7、C, Re (Surrogacy: Consent) (Rev1) [2023] EWCA Civ 16.
    8、C (A Child), Re [2013] EWHC 2413.
    9、F & M (Children) (Thai Surrogacy) (Enduring family relationship), Re [2016] EWHC 1594.
    10、G v G [2012] EWHC 1979.
    11、G, Re [2007] EWHC 2814.
    12、H v S (Surrogacy Agreememt) [2015] EWFC 36.
    13、In the matter of Z (a child) (No. 2) [2016] EWHC 1191.
    14、J v G [2013] EWHC 1432.
    15、JP v LP & Ors (Rev 1) [2014] EWHC 595.
    16、Johnson v. Calvert, 5 Cal. 4th 84 (1993).
    17、J.R.M. v. The Netherlands, EGMR, No.16944/90.
    18、K & Anor v Z & Anor [2025] EWHC 927.
    19、Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust v A & Ors [2003] EWHC 259.
    20、L (A Minor), Re [2010] EWHC 3146.
    21、Matter of Baby M, N.J. 396 (1988).
    22、Pierburg v Pierburg [2019] EWFC 24.
    23、Re B v C (Surrogacy: Adoption) [2015] EWFC 17.
    24、Re X (A Child) (Surrogacy: Time Limit) [2014] EWHC 3135.
    25、Rose & Anor v Secretary of State for Health Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority [2002] EWHC 1593.
    26、Re A, B and C (UK surrogacy expenses) [2016] EWFC 33.
    27、Re Z (Foreign Surrogacy: Allocation of Work) (Rev 1) [2015] EWFC 90.
    28、S, Re [2009] EWHC 2977.
    29、T & Anor v OCC & Anor [2010] EWHC 964.
    30、X, Re [2020] EWFC 39.
    31、X v W [2022] EWFC 34.
    32、X & Y (Foreign Surrogacy), Re [2008] EWHC 3030.
    33、X v Z (Parental Order Adult) [2022] EWFC 26.
    34、Z (surrogacy agreements: Child arrangement orders) [2016] EWFC 34.
    35、Z & Anor v C & Anor [2011] EWHC 3181.
    36、Z (Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act : parental order), [2015] EWFC 73.
    (八)網路資料
    1、BBC NEWS (2011), Thailand police investigate baby sales ring. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-12575566.
    2、BBC NEWS (2024), Cambodia jails 13 pregnant Filipino surrogates. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8rjdj336xpo.
    3、BBC NEWS (2024), Italy bans couples from travelling abroad for surrogacy. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62rmv63069o.
    4、BBC NEWS (1997), Biological father to fight for custody of surrogate baby. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/21009.stm.
    5、BioTexCom center for human reproduction. Available at: https://biotexcom.com/.
    6、Brilliant beginnings, Surrogacy with a family member in the UK. Available at: https://brilliantbeginnings.co.uk/surrogacy-with-a-family-member-in-the-uk/.
    7、Coalition Internationale pour l’Abolition de la Maternité de Substitution (2022), Feminist Critical Document On The Verona Principles. Available at: https://abolition-ms.org/en/our-actions/critical-document-on-the-verona-principles/.
    8、COTS website. Available at: https://www.surrogacy.org.uk/triangle.
    9、Daily Mirror (2020),Gay dads’ £26,000 legal battle for custody of surrogate twins after mum refuses. Available at: https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/gay-dads-26000-legal-battle-21262527.
    10、Department of Health & Social Care (2023), Review of Surrogacy: Government Interim Response. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20250109111042mp_/https://cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/30/2023/03/Law-Commission-Letter.pdf.
    11、Department of Health & Social Care (2025), Review of Surrogacy: Government Position. Available at: https://cloud-platform-e218f50a4812967ba1215eaecede923f.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/sites/54/2025/04/Letter-from-Baroness-Merron.pdf.
    12、Greek Reporter (2025), Greece Amends Law, Banning Surrogacy For Same-Sex Male Couples. Available at: https://greekreporter.com/2025/04/01/greece-ban-surrogacy-same-sex-male-couples/.
    13、Hatzis, A. N. (2010), The regulation of surrogate motherhood in Greece. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1689774.
    14、Karen & her son Matt talk about surrogacy. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZB4fHtcA4Ts&t=351s.
    15、Maria C. Vastaroucha, Surrogacy Proceedings in Greece after the implementation of law 4272/2014. Available at: http://www.greeklawdigest.gr/topics/aspects-of-greek-civil-law/item/217-surrogacy-proceedings-in-greece-after-the-implementation-of-law-4272-2014.
    16、Owen Bowcott (2015), Unregistered surrogate-born children creating 'legal timebomb', judge warns. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/may/18/unregistered-surrogate-born-children-creating-legal-timebomb-judge-warns.
    17、Rahman, M. H. (2022), Surrogacy Arrangements have become an Increasingly Popular Alternative for Childless Couples and Singles: A Closure Look at the UK Law Regime of Surrogacy. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4121493.
    18、The New York Times (2024), Francis Urges Ban on Surrogacy, Calling It ‘Despicable’ . Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/08/world/europe/pope-francis-surrogacy-ban.html.
    19、United Nations (2018), Sale and sexual exploitation of children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material. Available at: https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/40/51.
    20、Universiteit Leiden (2024), Surrogacy processes identified by Leiden University. Available at: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/news/2024/10/surrogacy-processes-identified-by-leiden-university.
    21、Victoria Allen (2023), Sperm and egg donors should no longer be granted ANY anonymity, say fertility regulation chiefs, DailyMail. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-12743617/Sperm-egg-donors-no-longer-granted-anonymity-say-fertility-regulation-chiefs.html.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律科際整合研究所
    110652016
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110652016
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[法律科際整合研究所] 學位論文

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