政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/160068

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/160068

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题名:	現代化與性別平等：2000年迄今日本人性別意識發展之探討 Modernization and Gender Equality：A Study of the Development of Japanese Gender Consciousness since 2000
作者:	山田冴優香 Yamada, Sayuka
贡献者:	魏玫娟 Wei, Mei-Chuan 山田冴優香 Yamada, Sayuka
关键词:	性別平等性別意識價值觀世界價值觀調查修正版現代化理論 HAPC-CCREM 羅吉斯迴歸 Gender Equality Gender Consciousness Values World Values Survey Revised Modernization Theory HAPC-CCREM Logistic Regression
日期:	2025
上传时间:	2025-11-03 14:42:34 (UTC+8)
摘要:	日本近二十五年來陸續推動許多性別平等政策，但整體效果有限，相較其他多數國家，日本的性別平等進展較為緩慢，在國際上仍常被視為性別不平等程度較高的國家之一。本文以Inglehart & Norris（2003）之修正版現代化理論為分析架構，主張經濟會帶來人類發展，進而促使價值觀朝性別平等轉向，且唯有經濟成長、人類發展、公共意識變遷與結構性改革的並行，性別平等才有可能穩定地持續發展。進一步就日本國情而論，除了缺少結構性改革的掣肘之外，社會大眾的性別意識是否有在同步自由化仍待釐清，這亦可能是其進展遲緩的關鍵原因之一。本研究以此為問題意識，聚焦公共領域（職業、政治）的性別意識，運用世界價值觀調查的資料，採用階層式年齡—時代—世代交叉分類隨機效應模型（HAPC-CCREM），檢驗自2000年以來日本性別意識的趨勢與其影響因素，並延伸與經濟水準相近的多個國家樣本進行比較。並與日本的經濟水準相仿的國家進行比較分析，探討日本的性別意識趨勢與這些國家的相對位置。本研究主要發現如下：第一，HAPC-CCREM分析結果顯示，日本在職業與政治領域皆呈現自由化趨勢，其主要影響因素為性別、教育程度、政黨偏好以及時代。第二，跨國比較分析結果顯示，日本在職業領域的自由化幅度，與其他國家相比屬於中下水準；政治領域則屬高等水準，但以最終數據來看，整體仍有進步空間。綜合分析，日本大眾的性別意識可能是日本性別平等進展較慢的原因之一。 Over the past twenty-five years, Japan has implemented numerous gender-equality policies; however, overall effects remain limited. Compared with many other countries, progress toward gender equality has been relatively slow, and Japan is still often categorized internationally as having a high degree of gender inequality. Framing the analysis within Inglehart and Norris’s (2003) revised modernization theory, this study argues that economic development fosters human development, which in turn shifts values toward gender equality; only when economic growth, human development, changes in public attitudes, and structural reforms proceed in tandem can gender equality advance in a stable and sustained manner. In the Japanese context, beyond the constraints stemming from insufficient structural reform, it remains unclear whether mass gender consciousness have liberalized in parallel—an uncertainty that may help explain Japan’s sluggish progress. Motivated by this puzzle, the study focuses on gender consciousness in the public domain (work and politics). Using World Values Survey data for Japan (since 2000) and estimating a HAPC-CCREM model, we assess trends and determinants of Japanese gender consciousness. We then extend the analysis by comparing Japan with countries at similar levels of economic development to situate Japan’s trajectory in a broader comparative context. The main findings are as follows. First, HAPC-CCREM estimates indicate a general liberalizing trend in gender consciousness across both the work and political domains in Japan; the most consistent predictors are sex, education, party identification, and period effects. Second, the cross-national comparison shows that Japan’s liberalization magnitude is mid-to-low in the work domain but relatively high in the political domain; nonetheless, the overall level still leaves room for improvement. Taken together, the evidence suggests that mass gender consciousness may be one reason why progress toward gender equality in Japan has been comparatively slow.
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