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| Title: | 競爭法的數位紀元－論數位平台資訊力對競爭法適用之影響
The digital epoch of competition law—discussion on the influence of digital platform information power on the application of competition law |
| Authors: | 邱映曦
Chiu, Ying-Hsi |
| Contributors: | 吳秀明
邱映曦
Chiu, Ying-Hsi |
| Keywords: | 數位平台
網路平台
大數據
平台經濟
雙邊市場
多邊市場
資訊力
資料競爭
演算法
人工智慧
競爭法
公平交易法
競爭政策
隱私保護
歐盟一般資料保護規則
Digital platform
Online platform
Big data
Platform economy
Two-sided market
Multi-sided market
Information power
Data competition
Algorithm
Artificial intelligence(AI)
Competition law
Fair Trade Act
Competition policy
Privacy protection
GDPR |
| Date: | 2019 |
| Issue Date: | 2019-03-04 22:02:12 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 在大數據發展環境下，數位平台基於其資訊匯集地位，以及強大的演算法運用及資料分析能力，壯大與鞏固其在市場競爭的優勢及地位。資訊力伴隨數位平台的市場特性，使得牽涉資料驅動的數位平台競爭個案於競爭法的適用上產生相當的疑問，也引發國際組織及部分國家對於數位平台資訊力引發的競爭法制議題展開探討，藉由個案的累積開始逐步進行法制政策面因應的評估，其中並以歐盟相關案例的發展最為成熟。
國內公平交易法制對於數位平台資訊力影響之因應，尚未形成具體的法制政策方向，亦尚未對此一議題涉及之問題進行系統化的整理。故本論文試圖以歐盟晚近涉及數位平台資訊力之相關精選案例作為實務探討的核心，佐以蒐整國際法制現下主要的研議方向與內涵，以競爭法限制競爭基本態樣之獨占、結合與聯合行為作為區隔，探討資料驅動之數位平台競爭於不同執法態樣所產生的競爭法適用問題與法制政策因應可能的方向與重點。
本論文於第一章針對本研究相關背景資訊進行初步介紹後，於第二章針對數位平台的定義及特性進行精簡的說明。第三章開始正式進入資訊力的探討，針對平台資訊力的定義以及其對市場競爭之影響加以分析。第四章則先探討資料驅動之數位平台在市場界定之問題及可採用的方式，再以歐盟對於Google濫用市場支配地位之系列執法為導引，進行執法與法規調適的討論。第五章則以歐盟精選數位平台結合案例為核心，搭配德國限制競爭防止法對數位平台議題的修法及日本、新加坡法制政策面的整理，提出資料驅動數位平台結合於法制規範及執法上應關注之重點。其中並包括隱私/資料保護議題與競爭法執法之關聯及納入審查之必要性的討論。第六章就數位平台運用演算法對市場競爭之影響，及其衍生之勾結行為與執法困境加以探究，搭配德國、日本以及經濟合作暨發展組織(OECD)就相關法制方向的研議，進行法制政策因應方向的探討。
In the development environment of big data, digital platforms strengthen their competitive advantages and consolidate their market positions on the basis of their roles in information gathering and capability of algorithm implementation and data analysis. The interplay between the market characteristics and information power of digital platforms has caused considerable doubts about the application of competition law to cases relating to data-driven digital platforms. It has also led several international organizations and some countries to discuss and look into competition law issues caused by platform information power. Through the accumulation of cases, the assessments of competition law and policy are gradually carried out by competent authorities of these international organizations and countries, among which cases launched by the European Union (EU) are the most developed at this time.
The direction and concept of development of legal policy for the competition issues relating to digital platform information power has not specified yet in the domestic fair-trade legal system. Therefore, this thesis attempts to investigate and deliberate the leading competition cases of data-driven digital platforms in the EU during recent years, and simultaneously to explore and analyze the current main developments of international legal policy. These issues are discussed separately regarding the fundamental types of restrictive competition, including monopolistic position, merger and concerted action, in particular to consider the direction and emphasis of the competition law and policy for data-driven digital platforms.
After introducing the background of the research, this thesis briefly explains the definition and market characteristics of digital platforms in Chapter 2 and discusses the relationship between information power and digital platform competition in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 explores the problem of market definition of data-driven digital platforms and then looks into the EU’s cases against Google’s abuse of market dominance as a basis for a further discussion on law enforcement and regulatory adjustments. Chapter 5 studies the selected EU’s digital platform merger cases, in combination with the legislative development of German competition law and official competition policy researches in Japan and Singapore, to indicate the key points that should be paid attention to in the legal system and law enforcement. It also includes a short discussion about the connection between privacy/data protection issues and competition law enforcement. Chapter 6 examines issues relating to the implementation of algorithms in digital platforms, especially the problem of tacit collusion and the dilemma of law enforcement. It then provides an overview of the relevant legal policy researches in Germany and Japan as well as by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the impact of algorithms used by digital platforms. Finally, the overall research is concluded in Chapter 7. |
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Monopolkommission, Digital change requires legal adjustments regarding price algorithms, the media sector and the supply of medicines, press release at 3 July 2018, Retrieved October 3, 2018, from: http://www.monopolkommission.de/en/press-releases/219-biennial-report-xxii-competition-2018.html
McSweeny, Terrell, Bigdata: individual rights and smart enforcement, Remarks at the EDPS-BEUC joint conference on 29 September 2016, Retrieved October 3, 2018, from: https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/987103/mcsweeny_-_euro_data_protection_conf_9-29-16.pdf
Palmer, Annie, WhatsApp co-founder admits to selling users’ privacy after sale to Facebook, Business Report, Retrieved October 19, 2018, from: https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/whatsapp-co-founder-admits-to-selling-users-privacy-after-sale-to-facebook-17244556
Statt, Nick, WhatsApp co-founder Jan Koum is leaving Facebook after clashing over data privacy-The messaging app’s CEO pushed back against Facebook’s approach to user data, advertising, and encryption, April 30,2018, Retrieved July 19, 2018, from: https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/30/17304792/whatsapp-jan-koum-facebook-data-privacy-encryption
Statecounter GlobalStats, Mobile operating system market share worldwide-September 2018, Retrieved October 10, from: http://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide
Statecounter GlobalStats, Search Engine Market Share Worldwide-October 2018, Retrieved November 27, 2018, from: http://gs.statcounter.com/search-engine-market-share
Roland,Moore-Colyer, Predictive analytics are the future of big data, October 09, 2015, Retrieved August 28,2018, from: https://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/analysis/2429494/predictive-analytics-are-the-future-of-big-data
個案文獻
CCS 400/007/07, Notification for decision: merger between the Thomson Corporation and Reuters Group PLC, 23 May 2008
European Commission, “Google/DoubleClick”, COMP/M.4731, Dated 11/03/2008,C(2008) 927 final
European Commission, “Facebook/WhatsApp”, COMP/M.7217, Dated 03/10/2014, C(2014)7239 final
European Commission, “Microsoft/Skype”, COMP/M.6281, Dated 07/10/2011, C(2011) 7279
European Commission, “Microsoft/Yahoo! Search Business”, COMP/M.5727, Brussels, Dated 18/02/2010, SG-Greffe(2010) D/2118, C(2010) 1077
European Commission, “TomTom/Tele Atlas”, COMP/M.4854, Dated 14/05/2008, C(2008) 1859
European Commission, “Microsoft/Linkedln”, Case M.8124, Dated 06/12/2016, C(2016) 8404 final
European Commission, “Google Search (Shopping)”, CASE AT.39740, Brussels, 27/06/2017, C(2017)4444 final
Judgment of the European Court of Justice(ECJ) , Case C-74/14, Eturas and Others, (21 January 2016)
No. CR 15-00201 WHO. United States of America v David Topkins. United States District Court of the Northern District of California in San Francisco (30 April 2015)
U.S. v. Apple Inc, 952 F.Supp.2d 638, 2013-2 Trade Cases P 78, 447 (S.D.N.Y, Jul 10, 2013)
White v. R.M. Packer Co., 635 F.3d 571, 579(1st Cir.2011)
國際法案文獻
Competition Act of Singapore version in force from 16/5/2018
CCS Guidelines on the Substantive Assessment of Merger 2016
Communication from the Commission — Guidance on the Commission’s enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings (2009),OJ C45/7
European Commission, Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation)(OJ L 24, 29.1.2004, p.1)
European Commission, Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, (OJ C 31, 5.2.2004, p.5)
European Commission, Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal merger under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings (OJ C 265, 18.10.2008, p.6)
European Commission(2018), Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation service, COM(2018) 238 final, 26.4.2018
Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen(GWB)
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union(TFEU), (OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, p.1~p.390)
二、日文資料
Japan Fair Trade Commission Competition Policy Research Center(公正取引委員会競争政策研究センター), “Report of study group on data and competition policy” (データと競争政策に関する検討会報告書), 2017/06/06
日本経済産業省,公正取引委員会, 総務省(2018年11月5日), デジタル・プラットフォーマーを巡る取引環境整備に関する中間論点整理（案）, デジタル・プラットフォーマーを巡る取引環境整備に関する検討会, Retrieved Retrieved January 6,2019, from: http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2018/11/20181105005/20181105005.html
日本経済産業省,公正取引委員会, 総務省(2018年12月18日), プラットフォーマー型ビジネスの台頭に対応したルール整備の基本原則について, Retrieved January 6,2019, from: https://www.jftc.go.jp/houdou/pressrelease/h30/dec/kyokusou/181218honbun.pdf |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
法律學系
98651506 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098651506 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| DOI: | 10.6814/DIS.NCCU.LAW.001.2019.F10 |
| Appears in Collections: | [法律學系] 學位論文
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