Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/94650
|
| Title: | 人際與人機互動經驗沈浸的前因、狀態及後果之研究
The study of antecedents, states, and consequences of flow in person-interactivity and machine-interactivity environments |
| Authors: | 黃增隆
Huang, Tseng Lung |
| Contributors: | 別蓮蒂
樓永堅
Bei, Lien Ti
Lou, Yung Chien
黃增隆
Huang, Tseng Lung |
| Keywords: | 沈浸
體驗價值
自發性導引法
人際互動
人機互動
Flow
Experiential value
Auto-driving
Person-Interactivity
Machine-interactivity |
| Date: | 2009 |
| Issue Date: | 2016-05-09 11:25:31 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | Woodruff (1997) 認為企業若沒有由建構滿意度的顧客價值 (customer value) 中做更為深入的了解，則顧客的意見將無法完全引導管理者研擬競爭策略。因此Woodruff (1997) 進而主張顧客價值才是企業當前最主要競爭優勢的來源，而非滿意度而已。Peterson (1995) 的研究指出，透過經驗所給予顧客的價值，是促使顧客願意與廠商進一步建立起長久關係的驅動因子。Spiegelman (2000) 也建議：「廠商若希望能夠將第一次消費的造訪者，進而轉變成為重複購買的顧客，則廠商必須在消費體驗的過程中不斷的傳遞價值」。換言之，體驗價值 (experiential value) 可視為提高顧客忠誠的最佳利器 (Stoel, Wickliffe and Lee, 2004)。再者，Babin, Darden, and Griffin (1994) 認為體驗價值是消費經驗後的主要結果，若研究者沒有確實掌握所知覺的體驗價值為何，則無法清楚了解消費者的消費經驗全貌。然而體驗價值雖然對於行銷研究與管理者相當重要，但有關消費者體驗價值的探討，主要都限制在網路購物的人機互動情境。關於線上人際互動情境中，將可能產生何種體驗價值，學者就較少進行探究 (Mathwick, 2002)。
Pine and Gilmore (1999) 在體驗經濟《Experiential Economics》一書中曾指出，消費者之所以能夠形成難忘且有價值的體驗，關鍵乃在於廠商是否能夠設計一個使消費者完全融入，且如同身歷其境的感受。換言之，引發消費者沈浸當下的消費情境，成為企業傳遞體驗價值給消費者的關鍵因素所在。但很遺憾的，沈浸與體驗價值的關係，過去研究較少深入的分析與探討，而且先前的研究情境卻也僅限於線上搜尋的人機互動經驗 (Mathwick and Rigdon, 2004)，忽略了人際互動的體驗才是消費者最為渴望的經驗 (Spiegelman, 2000)。因此在今日人們相當渴望透過網路進行人際接觸的同時，研究更應深入討論與分析，在線上人際互動情境中，沈浸 (flow) 與各種體驗價值 (experiential value) 的關係。
基於上述，研究將選擇以同時具有人際與人機互動的線上遊戲為主要研究情境，藉此以補足缺乏探討人際與人機互動共有的沈浸經驗之缺口，同時也進一步將沈浸概念擴大其應用的範疇，不在只限於人與特定事物間的沈浸研究。
在研究方法方面，有鑑於人際與人機互動的沈浸概念必須重新被審視並釐清 (Huang, 2006)，並且考量消費者的沈浸狀態是具有動態且連續發生一段時間的特性，同時也由於沈浸本身是一種內心深處的感受，若訪談過程中沒有任何憑據可提供受訪者作事後的回憶，則受訪者將很難描述沈浸當時發生的所有感受與心路歷程 (Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi, 1988)，基於此，本研究選擇能夠幫助受訪者回憶起所有心路歷程的自發性導引法 (auto-driving) (Belk and Kozinets, 2005)，為探討沈浸的質化研究方法，如此才能藉此重新釐清在人際與人機互動情境中，消費者沈浸的定義與構面。更進一步的，由於能夠更清楚掌握沈浸的本質，也才能夠使得研究者可以更為明確的探究出引發沈浸產生的人際與人機互動因子以及在沈浸歷程中消費者所知覺體驗價值類型。
經訪談17位受訪者後，不僅探究出在人際與人機互動媒體情境下的沈浸成份，同時也依據沈浸所包含的特質，對沈浸下了如下的定義：「所謂沈浸是指消費者產生情境推想、整合思維、具象化、情緒感染與情緒激發的狀態。」其中「情境推想」，是消費者猜想線上其他消費者的想法、意圖與動向所釀成；「整合思維」是來自消費者多方思索回應他人策略與執行策略效果所促成；「具象化」則是消費者將線上他人的表情或揣摩想像內容予以圖像化所形塑而成的狀態；「情緒感染」的狀態則源自消費者感同他人情緒的效果；「情緒激發」是來自消費者將個人內心的情緒，藉由肢體或表情予以宣洩的狀態。另外，從消費者的自我沈浸描述內容中，研究得知，前述這五種沈浸成份，其彼此間存有因果關係，而這樣的研究結果，是先前沈浸研究未能確實發現的。
其中，情緒激發的形成深受情緒感染與整合思維兩元素直接影響，又具象化分別會直接影響情緒感染與整合思維兩成份的產生。最後情境推想也會分別引發具象化、整合思維、情緒感染等沈浸成份的產生。
更進一步，研究也根據訪談內容結果得知，影響沈浸的前置因子可分為人際與人機互動兩種類型的因素，其中在人際因素方面，包含具有二元對立目標設定的競玩，以及源自環境成份所營造出探索趣味的嬉玩。同時人際與人機互動情境中所引發的人際互動競爭性與親和性，可營造出競玩氣氛。而人際互動中的不確定性與嘲弄則是構成嬉玩的主要成份。最後影響消費者沈浸經驗的人機互動因子包括驚奇性、因果性、生動性等三種因素。因此這將可以給予研究者與管理者，在設計吸引消費者融入購買或消費情境時的重要參考。
另外，訪談內容的結果也顯示，人際與人機互動的沈浸經驗不只是一種最佳互動消費經驗 (Novak and Hoffman, 1996; Privette and Bundrick, 1987)，同時它包含了許多豐富且多元的體驗價值 (Mathwick, et al., 2001)。換言之，當消費者全心投入在情境推想、整合思維、具象化、情緒感染與情緒激發等任一種活動時，都可以知覺到成就感、尊重、趣味性等這三種價值類型。隨著沈浸經驗本身具有多元且豐富的體驗價值，使得參與線上人際互動的消費者，更因此希望再次透過如此的經驗獲取價值。也因此，沈浸經驗提高了消費者願意再次經歷的意圖。
在經過第二階段研究中一系列沈浸量表的發展與檢測分析後，研究結果顯示，所發展的沈浸量表與體驗量表不論是在探索性因素分析、一階驗證性因素分析與二階驗證性因素分析都具備很好的信度與效度。不僅如此，藉由結構方程式模式的統計分析，研究進一步驗證五種沈浸成份間、沈浸與體驗價值間、五種沈浸成份與體驗價值間、沈浸與持續消費行為間以及五種沈浸成份與持續消費行為間的因果關係。而研究結果顯示，不僅整體模式的配適度達評鑑要求的水準，同時每一個變數彼此間的因果關係也都達顯著。
Woodruff (1977) maintains that customers’ opinions can lead managers to plan competitive strategies if enterprises can have a profound understanding and analysis of customer value, which influences on the formation of customer satisfaction. Accordingly, it’s Woodruff’s contention that the primary source of competitive edge among present-day enterprises isn’t just concerned with “customer satisfaction”, but with “customer value” as well. According to Peterson’s research (1995), the experience-based value bestowed upon customers is an impetus to customers’ desire to develop a long-term relationship with enterprises. Furthermore, Spiegelman (2000) also suggests that enterprises have to incessantly deliver value to customers in their consumption process if enterprises expect to turn customers purchasing for the first time into those making purchase over and over again afterwards. In other words, experiential value can be seen as the best way to enhance customer loyalty (Stoel, Wickliffe, and Lee 2004). What’s more, Babin, Darden, and Griffin (1994) think that experiential value is the major result of consumption experience, and that observers won’t get a clear, and panoramic picture of the consumption experience in case they can’t tell exactly what the perceived experiential value is. However, though experiential value plays an integral part between managers and marketing research, discussions on customer’s experiential value are primarily confined to the online-shopping machine-interactivity context. As for online person-interactivity context, scholars are to put less emphasis on what experiential value can be generated and delivered to customers under such a context (Mathwick 2002).
According to the book Experiential Economics, written by Pine and Gilmore (1999), Pine and Gilmore indicate that whether enterprises can create a context for customers to fully engage themselves in and live vicarious with is the key to the formation of customer’s unforgettable and valuable experience. To put it differently, the consumption environment which can prompt customer’s flow in the present plays a pivotal role in helping enterprises deliver experiential value to their customers. However, it’s a pity that in-depth discussions and analyses of the relationship between experiential value and flow are usually overlooked by previous researchers. Besides, previous research context is limited to online-searching machine-interactivity experience (Mathwick and Rigdon 2004), neglecting that person-interactivity experience is the one that customers yearn for the most (Spiegelman 2000). Therefore, in-depth discussions and analyses of the relationship between various experiential values and flow in online person-interactivity context should be made, especially in modern times when people are desperate for personal exposure through the Internet.
As aforementioned, by choosing online games with both person-interactivity and machine-interactivity as the primary research context, the research aims to make up for the lack of discussions on flow experience shared by person-interactivity and machine-interactivity contexts. In the meanwhile, the research puts concepts of flow to a wide range of use, not just in the flow research between people and specific things.
As far as the research method is concerned, the research takes the facts into consideration that concepts of flow in person-interactivity and machine-interactivity contexts need re-examining and clarifying (Huang 2006), and that customer’s flow conditions are dynamic and capable of lasting for a period of time consecutively. Moreover, since the flow is a feeling in the recesses of mind, interviewees might have a hard time delineating the course of thought developments and feelings in the flow experience if there are no reminders in the interview process for them to recall afterwards (Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi 1988). Considering the above-mentioned factors, the research chooses a method called “auto-driving”, able to help interviewees recall their courses of thought developments and feelings in their consumption process (Belk and Kozinets 2005), as the qualitative research method for exploring what flow is. In this way, the definition and dimensions of customer flow experience in person-interactivity and machine-interactivity contexts are likely to be clarified. What’s more, researchers can get a more explicit picture of what types of experiential value that customers would perceive in the process of flow are due to the fact that such a method will better the understanding of the essence of flow. Furthermore, once the elements of the flow have been confirmed, the researcher may also clearly ascertain what kinds of the person-interactivity and machine-interactivity factors triggering flow.
After the first phase interviews, the present study not only finds out components of flow, but also defines flow as consumers’ state of inferring thinking, integrated thinking, visualization, emotional contagion and emotional arousal. Besides, according to the content of consumers’ self-description about flow experience, the study also found that causal relationships among the five elements of flow which were not found in the previous flow studies. For example, emotional contagion and integrated thinking influenced simultaneously emotional arousal and visualization influenced simultaneously emotional contagion and integrated thinking. Finally, inferring thinking directly influenced visualization, integrated thinking, and emotional contagion.
Furthermore, the researcher identifies both person-interactivity and machine-interactivity factors that influence flow in base on the result of interviewees’ description about flow experience. Also, there are ludus which comes from the design of winning or losing and paidia which comes from exploring interesting content in person-interactivity factors. At the same time, the elements of ludus are competition and affiliation, and the elements of paidia are uncertainty and teasing. Finally, the machine-interactivity factors which influence flow include surprise, causality, and vividness. These findings would be practical implications for design consumers’ flow experience in further for the researcher and the management in service marketing.
The result of the interviews also proves that flow experience with both person-interactivity and machine-interactivity is not only the optimal interactive consuming experience (Novak and Hoffman, 1996; Privette and Bundrick, 1987), but also delivers the multiple and rich experiential value to consumers. (Mathwick, et al., 2001). On the other word, consumers would perceive experiential value of achievement, reputation, and playfulness when they act with total involvement in one of the inferring thinking, integrated thinking, visualization, emotional contagion, or emotional arousal. Because of flow experience including multiple and rich experiential value, consumers in online person-interactivity would like to have the same flow experience in order to perceive these experiential value again. Therefore, flow experience positively influences re-patronage intention.
The result of flow scale development and detection and analysis in the second step of this study shows flow scale is validity and reliability base on the exploratory factor analysis, the first confirmatory factor analysis and the second confirmatory factor analysis. The study further confirms causal relationships among the five elements of flow, causal relationships between flow and experiential value, causal relationships among the five elements of flow and experiential values, causal relationships between flow and re-patronage intention, and causal relationships among the five elements of flow and re-patronage intention by the statistic analysis of structure equation modeling. |
| Reference: | Aaker, J., Drolet, A., and Griffin, D. (2008). Recalling mixed emotions. Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (August), 268-278.
Andrade, E. B. and Cohen, J. B. (2007). On the consumption of negative feelings. Journal of Consumer Research, 34 (October), 283-300.
Allison, M.T. and Duncan, M.C. (1988). Women, work, and flow. In: Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, 118-137. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aristotle (1954). The Poetics. (Ingram Bywater, Trans.). In Solmsen, Friedrich (Eds.), Aristotle: Rhetoric and poetics. New York: Modern Library.
Adaval, R. and Wyer, R. S. (1998). The role of narratives in consumer information processing. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1 (3), 207-245.
Alderson, W. (1957). Marketing Behavior and Executive Action. A Functionalist Approach to Marketing Theory. Homewood, Illinois: R.D. Irwin Inc.
Anderson, C. A. (1983). Imagination and expectation: The effect of imagining behavioral scripts on personal intentions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 293-305.
Babin, B. J., Darden, W. R., and Griffin, M. (1994). Work and/or fun: Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(March), 644–656.
Bagozzi, R. P. and Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Academy of Marketing Science, 23(4), 272-277.
Bateson, G. and Mead, M. (1942). Balinese character: A photographic analysis. New York: New York Academy of Science
Baxter, L. A. (1992). Forms and functions of intimate play in personal relationships. Human Communication Research, 18(3), 336–363.
Babin, B. J. and Darden, W. R. (1995). Consumer self-regulation in a retail environment. Journal of Retailing, 71(1), 47–70.
Batra, R. and Ahtola, O. T. (1991). Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian sources of consumer attitudes. Marketing Letters, 2(April), 159–170.
Boyd, H. W. and Levy, S. J. (1963). New dimensions in consumer analysis. Harvard Business Review, 41, 129-140.
Becker, H. S. (1986). Photography and sociology. In Becker, H. S. (Eds.), Doing things together: Selected papers, 221-272. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Belk, R. W., Sherry, J. F., Jr., and Wallendorf, M. (1988). A naturalistic inquiry into buyer and seller behavior at a swap meet. Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (March), 449-470.
Belk, R. W and Kozinets, R. V (2005). Videography in marketing and consumer research. Qualitative Market Research, 8(2), 128-141.
Bender, D. E., Harbour, C., Thorp, J., and Morris, P. (2001). Tell me what you mean by “Si”: Perceptions of quality of prenatal care among immigrant Latina women. Qualitative Health Research, 11(6), 780-794.
Berger, C. R. and Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.
Blattberg, R. C., Glazer, R., and Little, J. D. C. (1994). The Marketing Information Revolution. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Bloch, P. M., Ridgway, N. M., and Dawson, S. A. (1994). The shopping mall as consumer habitat. Journal of Retailing, 70(1), 23-42.
Brownell, C. A, Zerwas, S., and Balaram, G. (2002). Peers, cooperative play, and the development of empathy in children. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 28-29.
Burgess, R. G. (1985). Strategies of educational research: Qualitative methods. London: The Falmer Press
Caillois, R. (1961). Man, Play and Game. New York：Free Press.
Caldarola, V. J. (1988). Imaging process as ethnographic inquiry. Visual Anthropology, 1(4), 433-451.
Carli, M., Delle Fave, A. and Massimini, F. (1988). The quality of experience in the flow channels: Comparison of Italian and U.S. students. In Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, 288-306. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cappella, J. N., Lerman, C., Romantan, A., and Baruh, L. (2005). News about genetics and smoking: Priming, family smoking history, and news story believability on inferences of genetic susceptibility to tobacco addiction. Communication Research, 32(4), 478-502.
Carroll, J. S. (1978). The effect of imagining an event on expectations for the event: An Interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14(1), 88-96.
Crowley, A. E., Spangenberg, E. R., and Hughes, K. R. (1992). Measuring hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of attitudes toward product categories. Marketing Letters, 3(3), 239–249.
Chalip, L., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Kleiber, D., and Larson, R. (1983). Variations of experience in formal and informal sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 55(2), 109-116.
Chaplin, E. (1994). Sociology and visual representation. London: Routledge.
Chen, H., Wigand, R. T., and Nilan, M. (1999). Optimal experience of web activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 15 (5), 585-608.
Chou, T. J. and Ting, C. C. (2003). The role of flow experience in cyber-game addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6(6), 663-675.
Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16 (February), 64-73.
Clarke, S. G. and Haworth, J. T. (1994). Flow experience in the daily lives of sixth-form collect students. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 511-523
Clatterback, G. W. (1979). Attributional confidence and uncertainty in initial interaction. Human Communication Research, 5(2), 147-157.
Collier, J. (1967), Visual anthropology: Photography as a research method. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Collier, J. (1979) Visual anthropology. In Wagner, J. (Eds.) Images of information. Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage.
Collier, J. and Collier, M. (1986). Visual anthropology: Photography as a research method. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Crick, N. R. and Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin,115(1), 74-101.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975) Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson, R., and Prescott, S. (1977). The ecology of adolescent activity and experience. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 6(3), 281-294.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Kubey, R. (1981). Television and the rest of life: A systematic comparison of subjective experience. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 317-328.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1982). Towards a psychology of optimal experience. In Wheeler, L. (Eds.). vol 3. Annual review of personality and social psychology, 13-36. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Larson, R. (1984). Being adolescent: Conflict and growth in the teenage years. New York: Basic Books.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(9), 526-536.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. (1988). Introduction to part IV. In Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.), Optimal experience: psychological studies of flow in consciousness, 251-265. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 815-822.
Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.
Dance, F. E. X. (1967). A helical model of communication. In F. E. X. Dance(Eds.), Human Communication Theory, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Durlak, Jerome T. (1987). A topology for interactive media. Communication Yearbook, 10, 743-757. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Dempsey, J. V. and Tucker, S. A. (1994). Using photo-interviewing as a tool for research and evaluation. Educational Technology, 34(4), 55–62.
DeSanctis, G., and Gallupe, B. (1987). A foundation for the study of group decision support systems. Management Science, 33(12), 1589-1609.
Durlak, J. T. (1987). A topology for interactive media. Communication Yearbook, vol 10, 743-757. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In M. Perlmutter (Eds.), The Minnesota symposium on child psychology, 18, 77-125.
Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., and Guthrie, I. K. (1997). Social cognition and prosocial development. In Hala, S. (Eds.), The development of social cognition, 329–363. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
Eisenberg, A. R. (1986). Teasing: Verbal play in two Mexicano homes. In Schieffelin, B. B. and Ochs, E. (Eds.), Language socialization across cultures. Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language, 3, 182-198. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, G. D., Voelkl, J. E., and Morris, C. (1994). Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(4), 337-356.
Ellemers, N., Spears, R., and Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(33), 617-626.
Englis, B. G. and Solomon, M. R. (2000). Life/style online: A web-based methodology for visually-oriented consumer research. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 14(1), 2-14.
Escalas, J. E. (1998). Advertising narratives: What are they and how do they work? In Stern, Barbara B. (Eds.), Representing Consumers: Voices, Views, and Visions, 267-289. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
Escals, J. E. (2004). Imagine yourself in the product: Mental simulation, narrative transportation, and persuasion. Journal of Advertising, 33, 37-48.
Finneran, C. and Zhang, P. (2005). Flow in computer-mediated environments: Promises and challenges, Communications of the AIS (CAIS), 15(4), 82-101.
Fiske, S. T. (1993) Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155-194.
Fowler, F. J. Jr, Roman, A. M, and Di, Z. X. (1998). Mode effects in a survey of medicare prostate surgery patients. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(1), 29-46.
Ghani, J. A., Supnick, R., and Rooney, P. (1991) The experience of flow in computer-mediated and in face-to-face groups. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Information Systems, 229-237. New York:ICIS.
Ghani, A. J. and Deshpande, P. S. (1994) Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction. The Journal of Psychology, 128(4), 381-391.
Glazer, R. (1991). Marketing in an information-intensive environment: Strategic implications of knowledge as an asset. Journal of Marketing, 55(October), 1-19.
Goffman, E. (1961) Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interaction. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Goulding, C. (2000). The museum environment and the visitor experience. European Journal of Marketing, 34(3/4), 261-278.
Green, M. C. and Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701-721.
Gregory, W. L., Cialdini, R. B., and Carpenter, K. M. (1982). Self-relevant scenarios as. mediators of likelihood estimates and compliance: Does imagining make it so? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(1), 89-99.
Harper, D. (1987), Working Knowledge: Skill and Community in a Small Shop. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Havens, L. (1989). A safe place: Laying the groundwork of psychotherapy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. and Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings (4th ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Hirschman, E. C. and Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic consumption: Emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 92-101.
Holbrook, M. B. and Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The Experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132-140.
Holbrook, M. B. (1986). Emotion in the consumption experience: Toward a new model of the human consumer. In, Peterson, R. A., Hoyer W. D., and Wilson, W. R (Eds.), The Role of Affect in Consumer Behavior: Emerging Theories and Applications. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 17-52.
Heisley, D. and Levy, S. (1991). Autodriving: A photoelicitation technique. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(3), 257-72.
Hennessy, J. and West, M. A. (1999). Intergroup behavour in organizations: A field test of social identity theory. Small Group Research, 30(3), 361-382.
Hoffman, D. L. and Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60, 50-68.
Holbrook, M. B. (1987). O, consumer, how you’ve changed: some radical reflections on the roots of consumption. In Firat, A.F, Dholakia, N., and Bagozzi, R. (Eds.), Philosophical and radical thought in marketing, 156-77. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Holbrook, M. B. (1994). The nature of customer value: An axiology of services in the consumption experience. In Rust, R. T. and Oliver, R. L., (Eds.), Service quality: New directions in theory and practice, 21–71. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Holbrook, M. B. (1997). Feline consumption: Ethography, felologies, and unobtrusive participation in the life of a cat. European Journal of Marketing, 31(3/4), 214-233.
Holbrook, M. B. (2005). Customer value and autoethnography: Subjective personal introspection and the meanings of a photograph collection. Journal of Business Research, 58(1), 45-61.
Hoisington, W. D. (2002). The healing relationship. Published on the internet at http://www.sacredhealingnow.com/PlainHR.html
Homans, G. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt Brace, & World.
Huang, M. H. (2006). Flow, enduring, and situational involvement in the web environment: A tripartite second-order examination. Psychology & Marketing, 23 (5), 383-411.
Hurworth, R., Clark, E., Martin, J., and Thomsen, S. (2005). The use of photo-interviewing: Three examples from health evaluation and research. Evaluation Journal of Australasia, 4(1/2), 52-62.
Hurworth, R. (2003). Photo interviewing for research. Social Research Update, 40(Spring), 1-4.
Jacobson, D. (2001). Presence revisited: Imagination, competence, and activity in text-based virtual worlds. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(6), 653-673.
Jackson, S.A. (1996). Towards a conceptual understanding of the flow state in elite athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67(1), 76-90.
Joy, A. and Sherry, J. F. (2003). Speaking of art as embodied imagination: A multisensory approach to understanding aesthetic experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 259-284.
Johnson, E. J. and Tversky, A. (1983). Affect, generalization and the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 20-31.
Johnson, H. D. (2004). Hypothetical situation realism in conflict research: Associations with adolescent emotional responses. North American Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 265-274.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
Kahn, W. A. (1992). To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human Relations, 45(4), 321-349.
Keltner, D., Capps, L., Kring, A. M., Young, R. C., and Heerey, E. A. (2001). Just teasing: A conceptual analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 229–248.
Kim, Y. K. (2002). Consumer value: An application to mall and Internet shopping. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 30(11/12), 595-602.
Lancaster, K. (1999). Warlocks and warpdrive: Contemporary fantasy entertainments with interactive and virtual environments. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Larson, R. and Kubey, R. (1983). Television and music: Contrasting media in adolescence. Youth and Society, 15, 13-31.
Laurel, B. K. (1991). Computers as theatre. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Lasswell, H. .D. (1984). The structure and function of communication in society. In Bryson, L. (Eds.), The communication of Ideas, 37-51. N.Y.: Harper and Brothers.
Lemerise, E. A. and Arsenio,W. F. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child Development, 71(1), 107-118.
Lievrouw, L. A. and Finn, A. (1990). Identifying the common dimensions communication: The communication systems model. In Ruben, B. D. and Lievrouw, L. A. (Eds.), Information and behavior, 13, 37-65. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Lee, M. S. and Mittal, B. (1989). A casual model of consumer involvement. Journal of Economic Psychology, 10, 363-389.
Lehn, D. V. (2006). Embodying experience: A video-based examination of visitors’ conduct and interaction in museums. European Journal of Marketing, 40(11/12), 1340-1359.
Levy, S. J. (1981). Interpreting consumer mythology: a structural approach to consumer behavior. Journal of Marketing, 45(summer), 49-63.
Levy, S.J. (Chairman) (1985). Photographic stimuli, data and consumption symbolism. Special Topic Session, Fall Conference, Association for Consumer Research.
LeFevre, J. (1988). Flow and the quality of experience during work and leisure. In Csikszentmihalyi M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, 307-318. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lievrouw, L. A. and Finn, T. A. (1990). Identifying the common dimensions communication: The communication systems model. In Ruben, B.D. and Lievrouw, L. A. (Eds.), Information and Behavior, vol.13, 37-65. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Ligas, M. (2000). People, products and pursuits: Exploring the relationship between consumer goals and product meanings. Psychology & Marketing, 17(11), 983-1003.
Lipponen, J. and Leskinen, J. (2006) Conditions of contact, common in-group identity, and in-group bias toward contingent workers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(6), 671-685.
Litwin, G, H. and Stringer, R. A., Jr. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
Mael, F. and Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123.
Mannell, R.C., Zuzanek, J., and Larson, R. (1988). Leisure states and flow experiences: Testing perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation hypotheses. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(4), 289-304.
Malone, T. W. (1981). Toward a theory of intrinsically motivating instruction. Cognitive Science, 5(4), 333-369.
Marks, D. F. (1973). Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 17-24.
Massimini, F. and Carli, M. (1988). The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience. In Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness, 266-287. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mathwick, C., Malhotra, N., and Rigdon E. (2001). Experiential value: Conceptualization, measurement and application in the catalog and internet shopping environment. Journal of Retailing, 77(Spring), 39-56.
Mathwick, C. (2002). Understanding the online consumer: A typology of online relational norms and behavior. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16(1), 40-55.
Mathwick, C. and Rigdon E. (2004). Play, flow, and the online search experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 324-332.
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., and Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety, and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(March), 11-37.
Mano, H. and Oliver, R. L. (1993). Assessing the dimensionality and structure of the consumption experience: Evaluation, feeling and satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 20, 451-466.
Mclellan, H. (2000). Experience Design. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 3(1), 59-69.
McQuillan, J. and Conde, G. (1996). The conditions of flow in reading: Two studies of optimal experience. Reading Psychology: An International Quarterly, 17, 109-135.
Mick, D. G. and Buhl, C. (1992). A meaning-based model of advertising experiences. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 317-338.
Moulthrop, S. (1999). Misadventure: Future fiction and the new networks. Style 33(2), 184-203.
Nachmias, C. F. and Nachmias, D. (1996). Research Methods in the Social Sciences, 5th ed. London: Edward Arnold.
Nel, D., Niekerk, R. V., Berthon, J. P., and Davies, T. (1999). Going with the flow: Web sites and customer involvement. Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 9(2), 109-116.
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., and Yung, Y. F. (2000). Measuring the customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling approach. Marketing Science, 19(1), 22-42.
Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L., and Duhachek, A. (2003). The Influence of goal-directed and experiential activities on online flow experiences. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(1&2), 3-16.
Pace, S. (2004). A grounded theory of the flow experiences of web users. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 60, 327-363.
Peterson, R. A. (1995). Relationship marketing and the consumer. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(4), 278–281.
Peña, J. and Hancock, J. T. (2006). An analysis of socioemotional and task-oriented communication in an online multiplayer video game. Communication Research, 33(1), 92-109.
Pennington, N. and Hastie, R. (1986). Evidence evaluation in complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(2), 242-258.
Pennington, N. and Hastie, R. (1992). Explaining the evidence: Tests of the story model for juror decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 189-206.
Polkinghorne, Donald E. (1991). Narrative and Self-Concept. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1 (2 & 3), 135-153.
Pine, B. J. and Gilmore J. H. (1999). The experience economy: Work is theater & every business a stage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
Pilke, E. M. (2004). Flow experiences in information technology use. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 61(3), 347-357.
Porter, L. W. (1962). Job attitudes in management: Perceived deficiencies in need fulfillment as a function of job level. Journal of Applied Psychology, 46(6), 375-384.
Preston, S. D. and de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1-72.
Privette, G. and Bundrick, C. M. (1987). Measurement of experience: Construct and content validity of the experience questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 315-332.
Quelch, J. A. and Klein, L. R. (1996). The internet and international marketing. Sloan Management Review, 37(3), 60-75.
Rafaeli, A. and Sutton, R. I. (1987). Expression of emotion as part of the work role. The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 23-37.
Ronen, S. (1978). Job satisfaction and the neglected variable of job seniority. Human Relations, 31(4), 297-308.
Rook, D. (1985, October). Consumers’ video archives and household rituals. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Consumer Research, Las Vegas, NV.
Rogers, E. M. (1986). Communication technology: the new media in society. New York: The Free Press.
Rafaeli, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication. In Hawkins, R., Wiermann, J. M., and Pingre, S. (Eds.), Advancing Communication Science: Merging Mass and Interpersonal, 110-134. Bervely Hills, CA: Sage.
Salmon, K. (2001). Remembering and reporting by children: The Influence of cues and props’. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(2), 267-300.
Sandelands, L. E., Ashford, S. J., and Dutton, J. E. (1983). Reconceptualizing the overjustification effect: A template-matching approach. Motivation and Emotion, 7, 229-255.
Sarbin, T. R. (1954). Role theory. In Lindzey, G. (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, 1, 223-258. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Schlosser, A. E. (2003). Experiencing products in a virtual world: The role of goals and imagery in influencing attitudes versus intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(September), 184-198.
Schwartz, D. (1989). Visual ethnography: Using photography in qualitative research. Qualitative Sociology, 12(2), 119-154.
Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., and Coie, J. D. (1993). The emergence of chronic peer victimization in boys’ play groups. Child Development, 64, 1755–1772.
Sherry, J. F. and Schouten, J. W. (2002). A role for poetry in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(2), 218-234.
Shieh, K.F. and Cheng, J. M. S. (2007). An empirical study of experiential value and lifestyles and their effects on satisfaction in adolescents: An example using online gaming. Adolescence, 42(165), 199-215.
Shoham, A. (2004). Flow experiences and image making: An online chat-room ethnography. Psychology & Marketing, 21(10), 855-882.
Sheth, J. .N., Newman, B. I., and Gross, B. L. (1991). Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values. Journal of Business Research, 22, 159-170.
Sweeney, J. C. and Soutar, G. N., (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77, 203-220.
Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42 (Fall), 73-93.
Shannon, C. E. and Weaver, W. (1949) The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Steenkkamp, Jan-Benedict E. M. and Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariances in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25 (1) 78-90.
Sims, H. P. and LaFollette, W. (1975). An assessment of the Litwin and Stringer organization climate questionnaire. Personnel Psychology, 28, 19-38.
Solomon, M. R., Surprenant, C., Czepiel, J. A., and Gutman, E. G. (1985). A role theory perspective on dyadic interactions: The service encounter. Journal of Marketing, 49(winter), 99-111.
Steuer, J. (1991). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73-93.
Stoel, L., Wickliffe, V., and Lee, K. H. (2004). Attribute beliefs and spending as antecedents to shopping value. Journal of Business Research, 57(10), 1067-1074.
Stromer-Galley, J. (2004 ). Interactivity-as-product and interactivity-as-process. The Information Society, 20(5), 391–394.
Siu, A. M. H. and Shek, D. T. L. (2005). Validation of the interpersonal reactivity index in a Chinese context. Research on Social Work Practice, 15(2), 118-126.
Skadberg, Y. X. and Kimmel, J. R. (2004). Visitors’ flow experience while browsing a web site: Its measurement, contributing factors, and consequences. Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 403-422.
Spiegelman, P. (2000). Live customer interaction and the internet join in ‘internation’. Direct Marketing, August, 38–41.
Schwarz, N. and Hippler, H. J. (1995). Subsequent questions may influence answers to preceding questions in mail surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 59(1), 93-97.
Sunderland, P., Denny, R., and Hunt, G. (2003). Why drink or drive? Consumer video diary excerpts. In Keller, P. A. and Rook, D. W. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, vol 30, 5. Valdosta, GA.
Tsai, W. C. (2001). Determinants and consequences of employee displayed positive emotions. Journal of Management, 27, 497-512.
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In Worchel, S. and Austin, L. W. (eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chigago: Nelson-Hall.
Taylor, E. S. and Schneider, S. K. (1989). Coping and the simulation of events. Social Cognition, 7(2), 174-194.
Trevino, L. K. and Webster J. (1992). Flow in computer-mediated communication: Electronic mail and voice mail evaluation and impacts. Communication Research, 19(5), 539-573.
Voelkl, J. E. (1990). The challenge skill ratio of daily experiences among older adults residing in nursing homes. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 24(2). 7-17.
Wagner, J. (1979). Introduction: information in and about photographs. In Wagner, J. (Eds.), Images of Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences, 11-22. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Wallendorf, M. and Arnould, E. J. (1988). ‘My favorite things’: A cross-cultural inquiry into object attachment, possessiveness, and social linkage. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 531-47.
Wallendorf, M. and Belk, R. W. (1989). Assessing trustworthiness in naturalistic consumer research. In Hirschman, E. C. (Eds), Interpretive Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, 69-84. Provo, UT.
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication research, 23 (1)，3-43.
Walther, J. B. (1997) Group and interpersonal effects in international computer-mediated collaboration. Human Communication Research, 23(3), 342-369.
Warr, P., Cook, J., and Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52, 129-148.
Warr, P. and Jackson, P. (1983). Self-esteem and unemployment among young workers. Travail Humain, 46, 355–366.
Warr, P. (1990). The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 192–210.
Warren, S. (2005). Photography and voice in qualitative critical management research. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 18(6), 861-885.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., and Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Wang, J. and Calder, B. J. (2006). Media transportation and advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, September, 33(2), 151-162.
Webster, J. (1989). Playfulness and computers at work. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University, New York.
Webster, J., Trevino, K. L., and Ryan, L. (1993). The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 9(4), 411-426.
Woodside, A. G.. and Chebat, J.-C. (2001). Updating Heider’s balance theory in consumer behavior. Psychology& Marketing, 18(11), 475-495.
Woodruff, R. B. (1997). Customer value: The next source of competitive advantage. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(2), 139-153.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(December), 341-352.
Zaltman, G. and Higie, R.A. (1993). Seeing the voice of the customer: The zaltman metaphor elicitation technique, 93-114. Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute.
Ziller, R. C. (1990). Photographing the self: Methods for observing personal orientations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
企業管理學系
92355511 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0923555111 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [企業管理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
There are no files associated with this item.
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
