Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/111283
|
| Title: | 策略相似性與廠商績效：正當性與競爭之權衡
Strategic similarity and firm performance: the tension between legitimacy and competition |
| Authors: | 龔天鈞
Gong, Tian-Jyun |
| Contributors: | 于卓民
黃國峯
Yu, Chwo-Ming Joseph
Huang, Kuo-Feng
龔天鈞
Gong, Tian-Jyun |
| Keywords: | 策略平衡觀點
競爭
正當性
複製
集體認同
Strategic balance perspective
Competition
Legitimacy
Replication
Collective identity |
| Date: | 2017 |
| Issue Date: | 2017-07-24 11:55:50 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 廠商的策略該與競爭者相似，或與競爭者不同？相似或相異都有其道理，與競爭者不同有助於發展競爭優勢以贏得市場競爭；然而與產業同儕相似可取得正當性，免於社會各界的質疑、挑戰與懲罰。策略平衡觀點主張廠商應平衡兩者，保持有點像又有點不像最有助於績效。本論文基於此，進行兩個研究試圖探討廠商該採取相似或相異的策略。研究一以大陸155個製造產業進行實證，結果發現僅有69個(44.5%)產業支持此觀點，進一步分析發現在低度競爭及多個策略群組存在的產業中，中等的相似性未必有好績效。研究二則探討當產業中存在兩群廠商，一群是既有的本地廠商，另一群是新進入市場的外商，對於急需當地社會接受(正當性)的外商而言，應與本地廠商相似，或與其他外商相似，亦或不同於兩群廠商？以大陸製造業外商的實證結果，外商在策略上應與本地廠商相似，並與其他外商維持中等程度的相似性，將最有益於績效。本論文不僅有助於策略平衡觀點知識基礎之鞏固、累積與發展，並提供了此脈理論未來的研究方向。
Should firms behave differently from or similarly to competitors? Being distinctive helps develop competitive advantages and win competition. Being similar contributes to gaining legitimacy and protecting firms from public suspicions, challenges, and punishments. Strategic balance perspective argues that firms should take a balanced approach and maintain a moderate level of similarity to obtain better performance. Based on this perspective, this dissertation includes two studies to address some problems inhibiting the development of this stream of research. In study 1, we found that 69 of 155 (44.5%) manufacturing industries provide supportive evidence. Further analysis suggested that moderate level of similarity is not beneficial to firm performance in industries with low level of competition or with multiple strategic groups. In the second study, we focused on contexts where consist of two groups of firms, local firms and foreign firms. We examined the influences of positioning strategies for foreign firms who desperately seek local acceptance and found that foreign firms should be strategically similar to local firms and maintain moderate level of similarity to other foreign firms. This dissertation not only has contributions on consolidation, accumulation, and advancement of knowledge base of strategic balance perspective, but also has several implications for future research |
| Reference: | 1.Abrahamson E, Hegeman R. 1994. Strategic conformity: An institutional theory explanation. paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX.
2.Aiken LS, West SG. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Sage: Newbury Park, CA.
3.Anand V, Joshi M, O’Leary-Kelly AM. 2013. An organizational identity approach to strategic groups. Organization Science, 24(2): 571–590.
4.Angrist JD, Pischke JS. 2009 Mostly Harmless Econometrics Princeton University Press: New Jersey.
5.Barnett, ML. 2006. Finding a working balance between competitive and communal strategies. Journal of Management Studies 43(8): 1753–1773.
6.Baum JAC, Mezias SJ. 1992. Localized competition and organizational failure in the Manhattan hotel industry, 1898–1990. Administrative Science Quarterly 37: 580–604.
7.Baum JAC, Oliver C. 1991. Institutional linkages and organizational mortality. Administrative Science Quarterly 36(2): 187–218.
8.Baum JAC, Singh JV. 1994. Organizational niche overlap and the dynamics of organizational mortality. American Journal of Sociology 100: 346–380.
9.Basdeo DK, Smith KG, Grimm CM, Rindova VP, Derfus PJ. 2006. The impact of market actions on firm reputation. Strategic Management Journal 27(2): 1205-1219.
10.Baysinger B, Hoskisson RE. 1989. Diversification strategy and R&D intensity in multiproduct firms. Academy of Management Journal 32(2): 310–332.
11.Benford RD, Snow DA. 2000. Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual review of sociology 26: 611-639.
12.Belsley DA. 1991. Collinearity diagnostics: Collinearity and weak data in regression. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
13.Brewer MB. 1993. Social identity, distinctiveness, and in-group homogeneity. Social Cognition 11(1): 150–164.
14.Buchko A. 2011. Institutionalization, coercive isomorphism, and the homogeneity of strategy. Advances in Business Research 2(1): 27–45.
15.Cai H, Liu Q. 2009. Competition and corporate tax avoidance: evidence from Chinese industrial firms. The Economic Journal 119: 764-795.
16.Calhoun MA. 2002. Unpacking liability of foreignness: identifying culturally driven external and internal sources of liability for the foreign subsidiary, Journal of International Management 8(3): 301–321.
17.Carroll GR. 1985. Concentration and specialization: dynamic of niche width in populations of organizations. American Journal of Sociology 90: 1262–1283.
18.Caves RE, Porter M. 1977. From entry barriers to mobility barriers. Quarterly Journal of Economics 91: 241–261.
19.Cennamo C, Santalo J. 2013. Platform competition: strategic trade-offs in platform markets. Strategic Management Journal 34: 1331-1350.
20.Chang SJ, Xu D. 2008. Spillovers and competition among foreign and local firms in China. Strategic Management Journal 29: 495–518.
21.Chen M-J. 1996. Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: toward a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review 21(1):100-134.
22.Chen WR, Miller KD. 2007. Situational and institutional determinants of firms’ R&D search intensity. Strategic Management Journal 28: 369–381.
23.Chung W, Kalnins A. 2001. Agglomeration effects and performance: a test of the Texas lodging industry. Strategic Management Journal 22(10): 969–988.
24.Clegg SR, Rhodes C, Kornberger M. 2007. Desperately seeking legitimacy: Organizational identity and emerging industries. Organization Studies. 28(4): 495–513.
25.Cobb AJ, Wry T, Zhao EY. 2016. Funding financial inclusion: How the contextual contingency of funder practices affects capital acquisition by microfinance organizations. Academy of Management Journal Forthcoming.
26.Cool K, Dierickx I. 1993. Rivalry, strategic groups, and firm profitability, Strategic Management Journal, 14(1), pp. 47–59.
27.Cuervo-Cazurra A, Maloney MM, Manrakhan S. 2007. Causes of the difficulties in internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies 38: 709–725
28.D’Aveni RA. 1994. Hypercompetition. Free Press, New York.
29.Dawar N, Frost T. 1999. Competing with giants, Harvard Business Review 77(2): 119–129.
30.Deephouse DL. 1999. To be different, or to be the same? It`s a question (and theory) of strategic balance. Strategic Management Journal 20: 147–166.
31.Dess GG, Beard DW. 1984. Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly 29(1): 52–63.
32.DiMaggio PJ, Powell WW. 1983. The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review 48: 147–160.
33.Donaldson L. 1987. Strategy and structural adjustment to regain fit and performance: In defense of contingency theory. Journal of Management Studies 24(1): 1–24.
34.Donaldson L. 2001. The Contingency Theory of Organizations. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
35.Durand R, Paolella L. 2013. Category stretching: Reorienting research on categories in strategy, entrepreneurship, and organization theory. Journal of Management Studies 50(6): 1100-1123.
36.Driscoll JC, Kraay AC. 1998. Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics 80: 549–560.
37.Eapen A, Krishnan R. 2009. Conform or rebel: Who does keeping to the rules enhance firm performance? Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences 26: 95–108.
38.Eden L, Miller S. 2001. Opening the black box: multinationals and the cost of doing business abroad, Academy of Management Proceedings, IM: C1–C6.
39.Edman J. 2015. Cultivating foreignness: How organizations maintain and leverage minority identities. Journal of Management Studies, 53(1): 55–88.
40.Edman J. 2016. Reconciling the advantages and liabilities of foreignness: Towards an identity-based framework. Journal of International Business Studies 47: 674–694.
41.Finkelstein S, Hambrick DC. 1990. Top management team tenure and organizational outcomes: the moderating role of managerial discretion. Administrative Science Quarterly 35(3): 484–503.
42.Ganzach Y. 1997. Misleading interaction and curvilinear terms. Psychology Methods 2(3): 235–247.
43.Geiger SW, Hoffman JJ. 1998. The impact of the regulatory environment and corporate level diversification on firm performance. Journal of Managerial Issues 10(4): 439–453.
44.Gimeno J, Woo CY. 1996. Hypercompetition in a multimarket environment: The role of strategic similarity and multimarket contact in competitive de-escalation, Organization Science, 7: 322–341.
45.Gioia DA, Price KN, Hamilton AL, Thomas JB. 2010. Forging an identity: an insider-outsider study of processes involved in the formation of organizational identity. Administrative Science Quarterly 55: 1–46.
46.Glynn MA, Abzug R. 2002. Institutionalizing identity: Symbolic isomorphism and organizational names. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 267-280.
47.Greene WH. 2008. Econometric Analysis. 6th ed., Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
48.Griliches Z. 1957. Hybrid corn: An exploration in the economics of technological change. Econometrica 25(4): 501–522.
49.Grimm CM, Smith KG. 1997. Strategy as Action: Industry Rivalry and Coordination. South-Western College Publishing: Cincinnati, OH.
50.Haans RFJ, Pieters C, He Z. 2016. Thinking about U: Theorizing and testing U- and inverted U-shaped relationships in strategy research. Strategic Management Journal, 37(7): 1177–1195.
51.Hamilton BH, Nickerson JA. 2003. Correcting for endogeneity in strategic management research. Strategic organization 1(1): 51–78.
52.Hannan MT. 2005 Ecologies of organizations: Diversity and identity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19: 51–70.
53.Hannan MT, Freeman J. 1989 Organizational Ecology. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
54.Hatten KJ, Hatten ML. 1987. Strategic groups, asymmetrical mobility barriers and contestability, Strategic Management Journal, 8(4): 329–342.
55.Haveman HA. 1993. Follow the leader: mimetic isomorphism and entry into new markets. Administrative Science Quarterly 38: 593–627.
56.Helfat CE, Finkelstein S, Mitchell W, Peteraf MA, Singh H, Teece DJ, Winter SG. 2007. Dynamic capabilities: understanding strategic change in organizations. Blackwell Pub.: Malden, MA.
57.Hennart JF. 1982. A theory of multinational enterprise. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI.
58.Hiller NJ, Hambrick DC. 2005. Conceptualizing executive hubris: the role of (hyper-)core self-evaluations in strategic decision-making. Strategic Management Journal 26(4): 297–319.
59.Hirschman AO. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
60.Hoechle D. 2007. Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. Stata Journal 7: 281–298.
61.Hogg MA, Terry DJ. 2000. Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review 25(1):121-141.
62.Hubbard R, Vetter DE. 1996. An empirical comparison of published replication research in accounting, economics, finance, management, and marketing. Journal of Business Research 35: 153–164.
63.Hubbard R, Vetter DE, Little EL. 1998. Replication in strategic management: scientific testing for validity, generalizability, and usefulness. Strategic Management Journal 19(3): 243–254
64.Hsu G, Hannan MT. 2005 Identities, genres, and organizational forms. Organization Science, 16: 474–490.
65.Hymer SH. 1976. The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Investment. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA (based on unpublished 1960 dissertation).
66.Insch GS. & Miller SR. 2005. Perception of foreignness: Benefit or liability? Journal of Managerial Issues 17(4): 423–438.
67.Ju M, Zhao H. 2009. Behind organizational slack and firm performance in China: the moderating roles of ownership and competitive intensity. Asia Pacific Journal of Management 26: 701-717.
68.Kale S, Arditi D. 2003. Differentiation, conformity, and construction firm performance. Journal of Management in Engineering 19(2): 52–59.
69.Kelly C. 1989. Political identity and perceived intragroup homogeneity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28: 239–250.
70.Ketchen D, Snow C, Hoover V. 2004. Research on competitive dynamics: recent accomplishments and future challenges. Journal of Management 30: 779–804.
71.Knickerbocker FT. 1973. Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
72.Koch MJ, McGrath RG. 1996. Improving labor productivity: human resource management policies do matter. Strategic Management Journal 17(5): 335–354.
73.Kostova T, Roth K. 2003. Social capital in multinational corporations and a micro-macro model of its formation. Academy of Management Review, 28(2): 297–317.
74.Kostova T, Zaheer S. 1999. Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity: the case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review 24(1): 64–81.
75.Kotha S, Rajgopal S, Rindova V. 2001. Reputation building and performance: an empirical analysis of the top-50 pure internet firms. European Management Journal 19(6): 571–586.
76.Kulman JG, Li J. 2009. Grades of membership and legitimacy spillovers: Foreign banks in shanghai, 1847–1935. Academy of Management Journal 52(2): 229–245.
77.Lamertz K, Heugens PPMAR, Calmet L. 2005. The configuration of organizational images among firms in the Canadian beer brewing industry. Journal of Management Studies 42(4): 817–843
78.Li J, Yang JY, Yue DR. 2007. Identity, community, and audience: How wholly owned foreign subsidiaries gain legitimacy in China. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 175–190.
79.Lieberman M, Montgomery D. 1988. Firstmover advantages. Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue 9: 41–58.
80.Lieberman MB, Asaba S. 2006. Why do firms imitate each other? Academy of Management Review 31(2): 366–385.
81.Lind JT, Mehlum H. 2010. With or without U? The appropriate test for a U-shaped relationship. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 72(1): 109–118.
82.Lounsbury, M. 2007. A tale of two cities: Competing logics and practice variation in the professionalizing of mutual funds. Academy of Management Journal. 50(2) 289–307.
83.Lounsbury M, Glynn MA. 2001. Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources. Strategic Management Journal 22(6-7): 545-564.
84.Markman G, Gianiodis PT, Buchholtz AK. 2009. Factor-market rivalry. Academy of Management Review 34: 423–441.
85.Mayer M, Whittington R. 2003. Diversification in context: a cross-national and cross-temporal extension. Strategic Management Journal 24(8): 773–781.
86.McKendrick DG, Jaffee J, Carroll GR, Khessina OM. 2003. In the Bud? Disk array producers as a (possibly) emergent organizational form. Administrative Science Quarterly 48: 60–93.
87.Mcnamara G, Deephouse DL, Luce RA. 2003. Competitive positioning within and across a strategic group structure: The performance of core, secondary, and solitary firms. Strategic Management Journal 24: 161–181.
88.Meade AW, Behrend TS, Lance CE. 2009. Dr. StrangeLOVE, or how I learned to stop worrying and love omitted variables. In C.E. Lance & R.J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences. Routledge, New York: 91–108.
89.Meyer JW, Rowan B. 1977. Institutionalized organizations: formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology 83(2): 340–363.
90.Meyer JW, Scott WR, Deal TE. 1983. Institutional and technical sources of organizational structure: explaining the structure of educational organizations. In Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality, Meyer JW, Scott WR (eds). Sage: Beverly Hills, CA: 45–67.
91.Miller D, Chen MJ. 1996. Nonconformity in competitive repertoires: a sociological view of markets. Social Forces 74(4): 1209–1234.
92.Miller D, Le Breton-Miller I, Lester RH. 2013. Family firm governance, strategic conformity, and performance: institutional vs. strategic perspectives. Organization Science 24(1): 189–209.
93.Miller SR, Eden L. 2006. Local density and foreign subsidiary performance. Academy of Management Journal 49(2): 341–355.
94.Mullen B. & Hu L. 198). Perceptions of in-group and out-group variability: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 10: 233–252.
95.Natividad, G. 2013. Financial slack, strategy, and competition in movie distribution. Organization Science 24(3): 846–864.
96.Navis C, Glynn MA. 2010. How new market categories emerge: Temporal dynamics of legitimacy, identity, and entrepreneurship in satellite radio, 1990–2005. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55: 439–471.
97.Norman PM, Artz KW, Martinez RJ. 2007. Does it pay to be different? Competitive non-conformity under different regulatory regimes. Journal of Business Research 60: 1135–1143.
98.Oerlemans LAG, Meeus MTH. 2005. Do organizational and spatial proximity impact on firm performance? Regional Studies 39(1):89–104.
99.Oliver C. 1997. The influence of institutional and task environment relationships on organizational performance: the Canadian construction industry. Journal of Management Studies 34(1): 99–124.
100.Ono H. 2007. Careers in foreign-owned firms in Japan. American Sociological Review 72(2): 267–290.
101.Orru M, Biggart NW, Hamilton GG. 1991. Organizational isomorphism in East Asia. W. W. Powell, P. J. DiMaggio, eds. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 361–389.
102.Patvardhan SD, Gioia DA, Hamilton AL. 2015. Weathering a meta-level identity crisis: Forging a coherent collective identity for an emerging field. Academy of Management Journal 58(2):405-435.
103.Peltokorpi V. 2011. Performance-related reward systems (PRRS) in Japan: Practices and preferences in Nordic subsidiaries. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(12): 2507–2521.
104.Peng MW. 2003. Institutional transitions and strategic choices. Academy of Management Review 28(2): 275–296.
105.Peng MW, Tan J, Tong TW. 2004. Ownership types and strategic groups in an emerging economy. Journal of Management Studies, 41(7), 1105-1129.
106.Perkins, D. 1994. Completing China`s move to the market. Journal of Economic Perspectives 8(2): 23–46.
107.Peteraf M, Shanley M. 1997. Getting to know you: a theory of strategic group identity. Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue 18: 165–186.
108.Pfeffer J, Salancik GR. 1978. The External Control of Organizations. Harper and Row: New York.
109.Polos L, Hannan MT, Carroll GR. 2002. Foundations of a theory of social forms. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11: 85-115.
110.Porter ME. 1980. Competitive Strategy. Free Press: New York.
111.Porac JF, Thomas H, Baden-Fuller C. 1989. Competitive groups as cognitive communities: the case of Scottish knitwear manufacturers. Journal of Management Studies 26: 397–416.
112.Rao H, Monin P, Durand R. 2003. Institutional change in Toque Ville: Nouvelle cuisine as an identity movement in French gastronomy1. American journal of sociology, 108(4), 795-843.
113.Reger RK, Huff AS. 1993. Strategic groups: a cognitive perspective. Strategic Management Journal 14(2): 103–124.
114.Robinson KC, McDougall PP. 2001. Entry barriers and new venture performance: a comparison of universal and contingency approaches. Strategic Management Journal, Special Issue 22: 659–685.
115.Rosenthal R. 1979. The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin 86: 638–641.
116.Rosenzweig PM, Nohria N. 1994. Influences on human resource management practices in multinational corporations. Journal of international business studies 25(2): 229-251.
117.Rosenzweig PM, Singh JV. 1991. Organizational environments and the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 340-361.
118.Ruef M, Scott WR.1998. A multidimensional model of organizational legitimacy: Hospital survival in changing institutional environments. Administrative Science Quarterly 43: 877–904.
119.Russo MV, Fouts PA. 1997. A resource-based perspective on corporate environmental performance and profitability. Academy of Management Journal 40(3): 534–559.
120.Scott WR. 1987. Organizations: rational, natural and open systems, 2nd. Ed. Prentice Hall: Inglewood Cliffs.
121.Scott WR. 1995. Institutions and Organizations, Sage Thousand: Oaks, CA.
122.Scott WR. 1998. Institutions and Organizations, 2nd. Ed. Sage Thousand: Oaks, CA.
123.Scott WR, Meyer JW. 1983. The organizations of societal sectors. In Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality, ed. J. W. Meyer and W. R. Scott, 129–153. Sage: Beverly Hills, Calif.
124.Shapiro C, Varian HR. 1999. The art of standards wars. California Management Review 41(2): 8–32.
125.Sidani Y, Al Ariss A. 2014. Institutional and corporate drivers of global talent management: evidence from the Arab Gulf region. Journal of World Business 49: 215–224.
126.Simon B. 1992. The perception of in-group and out-group homogeneity: Reintroducing the social context. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester.
127.Simon, B., & Brown, R. 1987. Perceived intragroup homogeneity in minority-majority contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53: 703–711.
128.Singh K, Ang SH, Leong SM. 2003. Increasing replication for knowledge accumulation in strategy research. Journal of Management 29(4): 533–549.
129.Slone RE. 2004. Leading a supply chain turnaround. Harvard Business Review 82(10): 114–121.
130.Suchman MC. 1995 Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20: 571–610.
131.Tan J. 2002. Impact of ownership type on environment, strategy, and performance: evidence from China. Journal of Management Studies 39(3): 333–354.
132.Tan J, Shao Y, Li W. 2013. To be different, or to be the same? An exploratory study of isomorphism in the cluster. Journal of Business Venturing 28: 83–97.
133.Teece DJ, Pisano G, Shuen A. 1997. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal 18(7): 509-533.
134.Thompson, JD. 1967. Organizations in Action. McGraw-Hill: New York.
135.Tian, X. 2007. Accounting for sources of FDI technology spillovers: evidence from China. Journal of International Business Studies 38: 147–159
136.Tolbert PS, Zucker L G. 1983. Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal-Structure of Organizations - the Diffusion of Civil-Service Reform, 1880-1935. Administrative Science Quarterly 28(1): 22-39.
137.Tsang E, Kwan K. 1999. Replication and theory development in organizational science: a critical realist perspective. Academy of Management Review 24(4): 759–780.
138.Volberda HW, Weerdt N, Verwaal E, Stienstra M, Verdu AJ. 2012. Contingency fit, institutional fit, and firm performance: A metafit approach to organization–environment relationships. Organization Science, 23(4): 1014–1054.
139.Vicente-Lorente, JD. 2001. Specificity and opacity as resource-based determinants of capital structure: evidence for Spanish manufacturing firms. Strategic Management Journal 22(2): 157–177.
140.Westney DE. & Zaheer S. 2001. The multinational enterprise as an organization. In A. M. Rugman, & T. L. Brewer (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Business 349–379. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
141.Wooldridge J. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
142.Wry T, Lounsbury M, Glynn MA. 2011. Legitimating nascent collective identities: Coordinating cultural entrepreneurship. Organization Science, 22(2): 449–463.
143.Xu D, Lu JW, Gu Q. 2014 Organizational forms and multi-population dynamics: Economic transition in China. Administrative Science Quarterly 59(3): 517–547.
144.Yildiz HE, & Fey CF. 2012. The liability of foreignness reconsidered: New insights from the alternative research context of transforming economies. International Business Review, 21(2): 269–280.
145.Zaheer S. 2002. The liability of foreignness, redux: A commentary. Journal of International Management, 8(3), 351-358.
146.Zajac EJ, Kraatz MS, Bresser RF. 2000. Modeling the dynamics of strategic fit: a normative approach to strategic change. Strategic Management Journal 21: 429–455.
147.Zeng M, Williamson PJ. 2003. The hidden dragons. Harvard Business Review, 81(10), 92-103.
148.Zhao EY, Fisher G, Lounsbury M, Miller D. 2016. Optimal distinctiveness revisited: Broadening the interface between institutional theory and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, Forthcoming.
149.Zucker LG. 1987. Institutional theories of organization. Annual Review of Sociology 13: 443–464.
150.Zuckerman EW. 1999. The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the illegitimacy discount. American Journal of Sociology, 104: 1398–1438.
151.Zuckerman EW. 2016. Optimal Distinctiveness Revisited: An Integrative Framework for Understanding the Balance between Differentiation and Conformity in Individual and Organizational Identities. In Handbook of Organizational Identity. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
企業管理學系
99355504 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0993555041 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [企業管理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 504101.pdf | 1444Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 329 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
