Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147045
|
| Title: | 性別刻板印象與領導特質之後設分析
A Meta-Analysis of Gender Stereotype and Leader Traits |
| Authors: | 李思菁
Lee, Sze-Ching |
| Contributors: | 郭昭佑
Guo, Chao-Yu
李思菁
Lee, Sze-Ching |
| Keywords: | 性別刻板印象
人際關係導向領導
工作導向領導
性別平等
領導特質
Gender stereotypes
Relationship-oriented leadership
Task-oriented leadership
Gender equality
Leadership traits |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-09-01 15:27:40 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究旨在了解性別刻板印象對領導的影響，並探討人際關係導向與工作導向領導特質的基本理念。現今社會女性領導人數比男性領導少，這個社會現象甚至不止出現在華人社會。造成這個現象的某部份原因是社會文化以及環境對女性領導有既定刻板印象看法，導致女性領導的領導能力方面普遍未被認同，讓女性領導比男性領導的晉升機會少，而過程較困難，所耗的時間亦較為漫長。就這個層面來說，我們應更重視女性領導所受到性別刻板印象的影響及所帶來的壓力。研究動機包括社會文化改變下的性別平等問題、女性領導者的刻板印象、領導理論的發展等。
研究方法包括使用後設分析，探討各研究之影響力、權重及差異。研究目的包括探討性別與領導特質的差異、人際關係導向與工作導向領導特質的基本理念，以及消除刻板印象威脅之方法。在本次的研究中，找到了六篇相關的文獻。研究結果並沒有指出在性別上男性或女性在領導層面上比較優秀，也沒有證據顯示在整體領導表現上有任何明顯的分別。女性領導在「人際關係導向領導特質」中的表現比男性領導更為突出，表示女性領導的確比男性領導更重視人事；而研究假設男性領導在「工作導向領導特質」方面較女性領導更為優勝，統計結果並無顯著差異，表示性別在工作導向領導沒有明顯差異。研究結果可對教育領域中的領導者性別平等問題與領導特質的發展提供參考。
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of gender stereotypes on leadership and to explore the basic concepts of relationship-oriented and task-oriented leadership traits. Today, there are fewer female leaders than male leaders, and this phenomenon is not limited to Chinese society. One reason for this is the established stereotypes of female leadership in social and cultural environments, which have led to a lack of recognition of women`s leadership abilities, resulting in fewer opportunities for female leaders to advance, a more difficult process, and a longer time spent. In this regard, we should pay more attention to the impact of gender stereotypes on female leadership and the pressure they face. The motivation for this research includes issues of gender equality in the context of social and cultural change, stereotypes of female leaders, and the development of leadership theory.
The research method includes meta-analysis to investigate the influence, weight, and differences among various studies. The research objectives include exploring gender differences in leadership traits, the basic concepts of relationship-oriented and task-oriented leadership traits, and methods to eliminate the threat of stereotypes. In this study, six relevant documents were found. The research results did not indicate that males or females are superior in leadership, nor did they provide evidence of any significant differences in overall leadership performance. Female leaders perform better in "relationship-oriented leadership traits" than male leaders, indicating that female leaders do indeed place more emphasis on personnel. The hypothesis that male leaders are better than female leaders in "task-oriented leadership traits" did not show a significant difference in statistical results, indicating that gender does not have a significant difference in task-oriented leadership. The results of this study can provide valuable insights for addressing gender equality issues and developing leadership traits in the education field. |
| Reference: | 加註*號者為納入後設分析之文獻
中文部份
朱貽莊（1998）。低年級單親兒童性別角色之差異及其相關影響因素之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。靜宜大學。
朱經明（2007）。教育及心理統計學。臺北市：五南。
何青蓉（1986）。國中生知覺的父母教養態度、性別角色與其個人性別角色的關係（未出版之博士論文）。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所。
李美枝（1981）。性別特質問卷的編製及男女大學生四種性別特質在成尌動機、婚姻、事業及性態度上的比較。中華心理學刊，23，23-27。
李美枝、鐘秋玉（1996）。性別與性別角色析論。本土心理學研究，6， 260-299 。http://doi.10.6254/1996.6.260
林邦傑（1981）。性別角色與自我防衛、生活適應、認知能力的關係。中華心理學刊 ，23 (2)，107-129。
林芳玫、張晉芬（1999）。性別。載於王振寰、瞿海源（主編），社會學與臺灣社會（頁199-238）。巨流圖書。
*林姿葶、鄭伯壎（2007）。性別與領導角色孰先孰後？主管－部屬性別配對、共事時間及家長式領導。中華心理學刊，49，4。
林鶴玲（2002）。新聞報導中的男性形象。載於謝臥龍（主編），性別：解讀與跨越（頁159-171）。五南。https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/430458
周育瑩（2004）。刻板印象威脅對於女性領導表現之影響。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/zc594j
周曉虹（譯）（1995）。社會學習理論（原作者：Albert Bandura）。桂冠。
晏涵文（2003）。兩性關係與性教育。空中大學。
陸偉明（2011）。性別教育與生活。雙葉書廊。
陳皎眉（1999）。性別角色。江漢聲、晏涵文編，性教育，61-82。性林文化。
陳皎眉、胡悅倫、周育瑩（2009）。男性與女性的該與不該、可有與可無，教育與心理研究，32（3），1-24。
陳皎眉、孫旻暐（1996）。教育時論—從性別刻板印象威脅談學業表現上的性別差異。教育研究月刊，147，19-30。
秦夢群（2021）。教育行政理論與模式（四版）。五南。
婦女新知（1988）。兩性平等教育手冊。婦女新知基金會。
黃文三（1994）。青少年性別角色發展及其相關因素研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學。
黃文三（1998）。近三十年來我國青少年性別角色研究的回顧與分析。教育學刊，14，231-274。國立高雄師範大學教育學系。
黃昆輝（1988）。教育行政學。東華書局。
張欣戊（1990）。性別角色的形成。載於賴保禎（主編），發展心理學（ 頁205-231 ）。 國立空中大學。
張春興（1989）。張氏心理學辭典。東華。
張春興（1991）。現代心理學。東華。
詹志禹 (1988)。後設分析：量化的文獻探討法。思與言，26 （4）。
劉秀娟、林明寬譯（1996）。兩性關係—性別刻板化與角色。楊智文化。
劉秀娟（2003）。兩性教育。揚智。
劉泗翰（譯）（2004）。性／別：多元時代的性別角力（原作者：R. W. Connell）。書林。
蔡培村、武文瑛（2004）。領導學：理論、實務與研究。麗文。
賴美秀（1993）。父母的性別角色、兒童的性別角色與兒童的自尊和同儕接納度之關係（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺北師範大學。
賴保禎、周文欽、張鐸嚴、張德聰（1999）。青少年心理學。國立空中大學。
英文部份
Adams, J., & Yoder, J. D. (1985). Effective leadership for women and men. Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Agars, M. D. (2004). Reconsidering the impact of gender stereotypes on the advancement of women in organizations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 103–111. http://doi.10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00127.x
Allport, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
Aronson, J., Lustina, M.J., Good, C., & Keough, K. (1999). When white men can’t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1998.1371
Banaji, M. R., & Hardin, C. D. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7, 136 –141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00346.x
Banaji, M. R., Hardin, C. D., & Rothman, A. J. (1993). Implicit stereotyping in person judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.272
Barmao, C. (2013). Factors contributing to under representation of female teachers in headship positions in primary schools in Eldoret Municipality, Kenya. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 5(3), 43-52.
Basow, S. A. (1992). Gender Stereotypes and roles (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. In Chemers, M. M. & Avman, R. (Eds.). Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions. Academic Press. 112-121.
Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications (3rd ed.). Free Press.
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2): 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036215
Bergen, D. J., & Williams, J. E. (1991). Sex stereotypes in the United States revisited: 1972-1988. Sex Roles, 24, 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289331
Blair, I. V., & Banaji, M. R. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142–1163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1142
Block, J. P. (1973). Conception of sex role : Some crosscultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0035094
Block, R.A., & Crawford, K. (2013). Gender Stereotyping of Leadership Behaviors: Social Metacognitive Evidence.
Bodenhausen, G. V. (1988). Stereotypic biases in social decision making and memory: testing process models of stereotype use. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 726-737. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.726
Bosson, J.K., Haymovitz, E.L., & Pinel, E.C. (2004). When saying and doing diverge: The effects of stereotype threat on self-reported versus non-verbal anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00099-4
Boyce, L. A., & Herd, A. M. (2003). The relationship between gender role stereotypes and requisite military leadership characteristics. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 49(7-8), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025164221364
Brewer, N., Mitchell, P. and Weber, N. (2002). Gender role, organizational status, and conflict management styles. International Journal of Conflict Management, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 78-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022868
Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz,P. S. (1972). Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x
Brown, R.P., & Pinel, E.C. (2003). Stigma on my mind: Individual differences in the experience of stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 626-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00039-8
Burgess, D., & Borgida, E. (1999). Who women are, who women should be: Descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotyping and sex discrimination. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 665-692. http://doi.10.1037/1076-8971.5.3.665
Cann, A., & Siegfried, W. D. (1990). Gender stereotypes and dimensions of effective leader behavior. Sex Roles, 23, 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289229
Card, N. A. (2011). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. The Guilford Press.
Carless, S. A. (1998). Gender differences in transformational leadership: An examination of superior, leader, and subordinate perspectives. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 39(11-12), 887–902. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018880706172
Carpenter, T. R. (2012). Construction of the crack mother icon. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 36(4), 264-275.
Cooper, H. (2009). Research synthesis and meta-analysis: A step-by-step approach (4th ed.). Sage. http://doi.10.1007/S11336-012-9267-3
Cox, W. T. L., Abramson, L. Y., Devine, P. G., & Hollon, S. D. (2012). Stereotypes, prejudice, and depression: The integrated perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7 (5), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612455204
*Crites, S., Dickson, K.E., & Lorenz, A. (2015). Nurturing Gender Stereotypes in the Face of Experience: A Study of Leader Gender, Leadership Style, and Satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 19, 1.
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18. http://doi.10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5
Dickersin, K., Chan, S., Chalmersx, T. C., Sacks, H. S., Jr. Smith, H. (1987). Publication bias and clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 8, (4), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Erlbaum.
Eagly, A. H. (2003). Few women at the top: How role incongruity produces prejudice and the glass ceiling. In D. van Knippenberg & M. A. Hogg（Eds.）, Leadership and Power: Identity Processes in Groups and Organizations. Sage.
Eagly, A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and lais sez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 569-591 .
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573–598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573
Eagly, A. H., Mona G. Makhijani and Bruce G. Klonsky (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 111(1), 3-22. http://doi.10.1037/0033-295x.109.3.573
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–754. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similari ties: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Evans, T. J. (1997). Elementary teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of principal leadership style and school social organization. Doctoral dissertation, Western Michigan University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 2762.
Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional psychology: Research and practice, 40(5), 532-538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015808
Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A Theory of leadership effectiveness. McGraw-Hill.
Fortunato S., Bergstrom C. T., Börner K., Evans J. A., Helbing D., Milojević S., Petersen A. M., Radicchi F., Sinatra R., Uzzi B., Vespignani A. (2018). Science of science. Science, 359(6379). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao0185
Glass. G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 5 (10), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X005010003
Glass, G. V., McGaw, B., & Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-analysis in Social Research. Sage.
Glazer, J. I. (1991). Literature for young children. Macmillan Publishing Company.
Goodwin, S. A., Gubin, A., Fiske, S. T., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2000). Power can bias impression processes: Stereotyping subordinates by default and by design. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 3, 227–256. http://doi.10.1177/1368430200003003001
Gutek, B. A., & Morasch, B. (1982). Sex ratios, sex-role spillover and sexual harassment of women at work. Journal of Social Issues, 38(4), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1982.tb01910.x
Hart, C., & Jack, L. (2012). Face it: The impact of gender on social media images. Communication Quarterly, 60(5), 588-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2012.725005
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press.
Hemphill, J. K., & Coons, A. E. (1957). Development of the leader behavior description questionnaire. In Stogdill, R. M. & Coons, A. E. (Eds.). Leader behavior: Its description and measurement. The Ohio State Univer., Bureau of Busin.
Ilie, C., & Schnurr, S. (2017). Challenging leadership stereotypes through discourse. Springer Verlag.
Inandi, Y. (2009). The barriers hindering female teachers from becoming school principals. Egitim Arastirmalari - Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 36, 161-178.
Johnson, S., Busch, S., Slate, J.R. (2008). Leadership Behaviors of School Administrators: Do Men and Women Differ? International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, Volume 3, Number 3
*Johnson, S.K., Murphy, S.E., Zewdie, S., & Reichard, R.J. (2008). The strong, sensitive type : Effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106, 39-60.
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. (1993). Men and women of the corporation, 2nd ed. Perseus Books. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930260209
Keller, J. (2002). Blatant stereotype threat and women’s math performance: Self-handicapping as a strategic means to cope with obtrusive negative performance expectations. Sex Roles, 47, 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021003307511
Kirchmeyer, C. (1998). Determinants of managerial career success: Evidence and explanation of male/female differences. Journal of Management, 24, 673-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(99)80079-8
Krieglmeyer, R., & Sherman, J. W. (2012). Attitudes and social cognition: Disentangling stereotype activation and stereotype application in the stereotype misperception task. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(2), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028764
Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37– 47. http://doi.10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.37
Marx, D.M., & Roman, J.S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women`s math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9): 1183-1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812004
Moss, J., & Liang, T. (1990). Leadership, leadership development, and the national center for research in vocational education. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
Northouse, P. G. (2007). Leadership Theory and Practice. Sage Publications, Inc.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Gender stereotypes and stereotyping and women’s rights[A]. (2014-9）[2020-4-24]. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WRGS/Pages/GenderStereotypes.aspx
Pigott, T. (2012). Advances in meta-analysis. Springer Science & Business Media.
Pinel, E.C. (1999). Stigma Consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 114-128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.114
Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
Rauch, C. F., & Behling, O. (1984). Functionalism: Basis for an alternate approach to the study of leadership. Leaders and managers: International Perspectives on Managerial Behavior and Leadership, 45-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-030943-9.50012-7
Ridgeway, C. L. (1997). Interaction and the conservation of gender inequality: Considering employment. American Sociological Review, 62(2), 218-236. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657301
Robbins, S. P. (1998). Organizational behavior. Prentice Hall.
Rosenthal, H. E. S., & Crisp, R. J. (2006). Reducing stereotype threat by blurring intergroup boundaries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 501-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205281009
Salsburg, D. (2002). The lady tasting tea: How statistics revolutionized science in the twentieth century. Henry Holt & Company. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1529-9430(01)00169-3
Savage, M., & Witz, A. (1992). Gender and bureaucracy. Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1991.tb03355.x
*Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Neff, D.F., & Schyns, B. (2004). Gender Stereotypes and the Attribution of Leadership Traits: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. Sex Roles, 51, 631-645.
Shaffer, D. R. (1996). Developmental psychology: Children and adolescence. (4th ed.). Brooks/Cole and ITP.
Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00111
Sikdar, A., & Mitra, S. (2009). An exploration of gender stereotypes in perception and practice of leadership.
Smith, J. L., & White, P. H. (2002). An examination of implicitly activated, explicitly activated and nullified stereotypes on mathematical performance: It’s not just a woman’s issue. Sex Roles, 47(3-4), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021051223441
Spence. J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers onsex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076857
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C.M., & Quinn, D.M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women`s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1998.1373
Spodek, B. & Saracho, O.N. (1994). Right from the start:teaching children age three to eight. Allyn and Bacon.
Stangor, C. (1988). Stereotype accessibility and information processing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 694-708. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167288144005
Steele, C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613
Stigler, S. M. (2000). The history of statistics: The measurement of uncertainty before 1900. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. Free Press.
Stogdill, R. M., (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology, 25, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1948.9917362
Stroessner, S. (2011). Reducing stereotype threat org. Scribbr. http://reducingstereotypethreat.org
Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I. R. & Massarik, F. (1961). Leadership organization: A behavioural approach. McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203529614
Thornton, A., & Freedman, D. (1979). Changes in the sex role attitudes of women: 1962-1977. American Sociological Review, 44, 831-842. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094530
Tilcsik, A. (2011). Pride and prejudice: Employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117 (2), 586–626. https://doi.org/10.1086/661653
Trinidad, C., & Normore, A. H. (2005). Leadership and gender: A dangerous liaison? Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 26(7), 574- 590. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510624601
Valentine, J. C., Pigott, T. D., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). How many studies do you need?: A primer on statistical power for meta-analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 35(2), 215–247. https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998609346961
Wampler, K. S. (1982). Bringing the review of literature into the age of quantification: Meta-analysis as a strategy for integrating research findings in family studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 44, 4, 1009-1023. https://doi.org/10.2307/351460
Welle, B., & Heilman, M. E. (2007). Formal and informal discrimination against women at work: The role of gender stereotypes. In S. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. Skarlicki (Eds.), Managing social and ethical issues in organizations (pp. 229 –252). Information Age.
Wenger, E. C. & Snyder, W. M. (2000). Communities of practice: The organizational frontier. Harvard Business Review, 78, 139-145. https://hbr.org/2000/01/communities-of-practice-the-organizational-frontier
Williams, J. E., Satterwhite, R. C. & Best, D. L. (1999). Pancultural gender stereotypes revisited: The five factor model. Sex Role, 40, 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018831928829
Wood, W., Christensen, P. N., Hebl, M., & Rothgerber, H. (1997). Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 523-535. http://doi.10.1037//0022-3514.73.3.523
Yukl, G. A. (1994). Leadership in organization. (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. http://doi.10.4236/ojbm.2013.12003 |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
教育行政與政策研究所
109171015 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109171015 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [教育行政與政策研究所 ] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 101501.pdf | | 2562Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
