English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 112704/143671 (78%)
Visitors : 49721518      Online Users : 541
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/153076


    Title: 學校行政人員中層領導指標建構之研究
    A Study of Construction of Middle Leadership Indicators for School Administrators
    Authors: 李熙媛
    Lee, Hsi-Yuan
    Contributors: 郭昭佑
    Kuo, Chao-Yu
    李熙媛
    Lee,Hsi-Yuan
    Keywords: 學校行政人員
    中層領導
    指標建構
    模糊德懷術
    概念構圖
    School Administrators
    Middle Leadership
    Indicator Construction
    Fuzzy Delphi Method
    Concept mapping
    Date: 2024
    Issue Date: 2024-09-04 13:43:58 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本研究旨在建構學校行政人員中層領導指標與構面,並進一步形成指標系統,以提供學校中層領導能力培訓之參考;透過文獻探討蒐集資料後,再藉由焦點小組座談會聚焦概念,並以教育行政與學校經營領域之專家學者與學校教職人員作為問卷調查對象,透過適切性評估、模糊德懷術及概念構圖法等方法整合專家對指標的重要性程度評估與分群,完成能兼具理論與實務價值的學校行政人員中層領導指標系統。依研究結果,歸納主要結論如下:
    一、本研究建構之學校行政人員中層領導指標包含3大構面、8個向度與31項指標。
    二、「素養與特質」是學校行政人員中層領導指標系統中最重要之構面。
    三、「行政人格特質」是學校行政人員中層領導指標系統中最重要之向度
    四、「主任情緒管理良好,並具有同理心,能關懷與體諒校內成員」是學校行政人員中層領導指標系統中最重要之指標。
    五、不同對象對於學校行政人員中層領導指標系統的重要性程度排序有所差異,以向度「基層教師的發展支柱」之排序差異較大。
    期望本研究成果能提供教育行政主管機關作為學校行政人員中層領導培訓系統建立之參考,進而穩固學校行政團隊,並給予未來研究酌參。
    The aim of this study is to construct indicators and dimensions for middle leadership among school administrators, and further develop an indicator system to provide a reference for middle leadership training in schools. After collecting data through literature review, the concepts were focused through Focus Group Discuss. Experts and scholars in the fields of educational administration and school management, as well as school faculty members, were surveyed through questionnaires. Methods such as Evaluation of adequacy, Fuzzy Delphi Method, and Concept mapping were used to integrate experts' evaluations and clustering of the importance of indicators, resulting in a middle leadership indicator system for school administrators that holds both theoretical and practical value. Based on the research results, the main conclusions are summarized as follows:
    1.The middle leadership indicators for school administrators constructed in this study include 3 dimensions, 8 aspects, and 31 indicators.
    2."Competence and Traits" is the most important dimension in the middle leadership indicator system for school administrators.
    3."Administrative Personality Traits" is the most important aspect in the middle leadership indicator system for school administrators.
    4."The director manages emotions well, demonstrates empathy, and shows care and understanding towards school members" is the most important indicator in the middle leadership indicator system for school administrators.
    5.There are differences in the importance rankings of the middle leadership indicator system for school administrators among different groups. The aspect "Support Pillar for Grassroots Teachers" shows the greatest variation in rankings.
    It is hoped that the results of this study can provide educational administrative authorities with a reference for establishing a middle leadership training system for school administrators, thereby strengthening the school administrative team and offering guidance for future research.
    Reference: 壹、中文文獻
    李麗玲、詹盛如、林明地(2012)。國民中小學校長主任專業發展指標之建構。「永續教育發展—創新與實踐」2010年國際學術研討會—教育制度及政策論文專輯,1-37。
    吳政達(2005)。我國地方政府層級教育課責系統建構之評估:模糊德菲法之應用。教育與心理研究,28(4),645-665。
    吳政達(2008)。教育政策分析-概念、方法與應用:Educational Policy Analysis: Concepts, Methods, and Applications。高等教育文化事業有限公司。
    吳政達、郭昭佑(1997)。概念構圖法在國民小學教科書評鑑標準建構之應用。教育與心理研究,20(2),217-242。
    余民寧(1997)。有意義的學習-概念構圖之研究。商鼎文化出版社。
    林震岩(2018)。多變量分析:SPSS的操作與應用(三版)。智勝文化事業有限公司。(原著出版年:2007)。
    郭昭佑(2000)。概念構圖法在評鑑指標建構上之應用--以國民中學校務評鑑指標建構為例。教育政策論壇,3(2),173-203。
    秦夢群(2019)。教育領導理論與應用(三版一刷)。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。(原著出版年:2010)。
    秦夢群(2021)。教育行政理論與模式(四版二刷)。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。(原著出版年:2011)。
    陳文彥(2021)。權力觀及課程觀對學校中層領導者課綱變革行為意向之影響。教育政策論壇,24(2),107-139。
    湯志民(2007)。打造優質學校─學校行政人員的能力與特質。現代學校行政職能學術研討會手冊暨論文集,1-9。
    湯才偉(2003)。中層敎師在學校改進過程中的領導和參與。香港中文大學敎育學院,香港敎育硏究所。
    蔡金田、趙士瑩(2019)。學校兼任行政教師行政專業能力指標建構與分析。元華文創股份有限公司。
    羅健文、邱良忠(2015)。應用模糊德爾菲法與分析網路程序法建立綠色運輸與遊憩路線規劃指標之研究。臺灣土地研究,18(2),81-108。
    羅恩冕、郭昭佑(2018)。我國大學學生評鑑教師教學指標之研究:概念構圖法的調整應用。教育研究與發展期刊,14(1),1-33。
    貳、英文文獻
    Ababneh, S. A. (2023). The Phenomenon of Leadership Among Middle Management Leaders in Public Schools in Bahrain: Aspects of Performance, Personality Pattern Analysis, Impact Strategies, and Challenges. Information Sciences Letters, 12(2), 735–743. https://doi.org/10.18576/isl/120216
    Ainsworth, S., Costa, M. da, Davies, C., & Hammersley-Fletcher, L. (2022). New perspectives on middle leadership in schools in England – Persistent tensions and emerging possibilities. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 17411432221086848. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432221086847
    Bassett, M. (2016). The Role of Middle Leaders in New Zealand Secondary Schools: Expectations and Challenges. Waikato Journal of Education, 21(1), 97–108.
    Bennett, N. (1995). Managing professional teachers: Middle management in primary and secondary schools. SAGE Publications Ltd.
    Bryant, D. A. (2019). Conditions that support middle leaders’ work in organisational and system leadership: Hong Kong case studies. School Leadership & Management, 39(5), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2018.1489790
    Bush, T. (2015). Teacher leadership: Construct and practice. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43(5), 671–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143215592333
    Busher, H. (2005). Being a middle leader: Exploring professional identities. School Leadership & Management, 25(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430500036231
    Bassett, M., & Shaw, N. (2018). Building the confidence of first-time middle leaders in New Zealand primary schools. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(5), 749–760. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2017-0101
    Bennett, N., Newton, W., Wise, C., Woods, P., & Economou, A. (2003). The role and purpose of middle leaders in schools. London: National College for School Leadership (NCSL).
    Bennett, N., Woods, P., Wise, C., & Newton, W. (2007). Understandings of middle leadership in secondary schools: A review of empirical research. School Leadership & Management, 27(5), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430701606137
    Bento, F., Adenusi, T., & Khanal, P. (2023). Middle level leadership in schools: A scoping review of literature informed by a complex system perspective. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 0(0), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2023.2234329
    Beram, S., Awang, M., Ismail, R., Noor, N., Gengtharan, K., & M. Fuad, D. R. S. (2022). Personal leadership competencies of Malaysian Matriculation College middle leaders. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 11(3), 1617. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i3.22387
    Cardno, C., & Bassett, M. (2015). Multiple perspectives of leadership development for middle-level pedagogical leaders in New Zealand secondary schools. Journal of Educational Leadership, Policy and Practice, 30(2), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.265350587913623
    Cardno, C., & Robson, J. (2016). Realising the Value of Performance Appraisal for Middle Leaders in New Zealand Secondary Schools. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2016.2.3
    Chen, M.J., Guo, C.Y., & Tang, C. W. (2022). Monitoring learning-oriented school education: Indicator construction and their application. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 73, 101142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2022.101142
    Chen, S. J., & Hwang, C. L. (1992). Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications (Vol. 375). Springer Science & Business Media.
    Degn, L. (2015). Identity constructions and sensemaking in higher education – a case study of Danish higher education department heads. Studies in Higher Education, 40(7), 1179–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881345
    De Nobile, J. (2018). Towards a theoretical model of middle leadership in schools. School Leadership & Management, 38(4), 395–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2017.1411902
    De Nobile, J. (2020). Middle Leadership Roles Questionnaire-School Education (MLRQ-SE) Version 2020.
    De Nobile, J. (2021). Researching Middle Leadership in Schools: The State of the Art. International Studies in Educational Administration (Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration & Management (CCEAM)), 49(2), 3–27.
    Dinham, S. (2007). The secondary Head of Department and the achievement of exceptional student outcomes. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230710722458
    Doh, J. P. (2003). Can Leadership Be Taught? Perspectives from Management Educators. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2(1), 54–67.
    Day, C., Sammons, P., & Gorgen, K. (2020). Successful School Leadership. Education Development Trust. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED614324
    Drysdale, L., & Gurr, D. (2011). Theory and practice of successful school leadership in Australia. School Leadership & Management, 31(4), 355–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2011.606273
    Edwards-Groves, C., & Grootenboer, P. (2021). Conceptualising five dimensions of relational trust: Implications for middle leadership. School Leadership & Management, 41(3), 260–283.https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2021.1915761
    Edwards-Groves, C., Grootenboer, P., & Rönnerman, K. (2016). Facilitating a culture of relational trust in school-based action research: Recognising the role of middle leaders. Educational Action Research, 24(3), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2015.1131175
    Edwards Groves, C., & Rönnerman, K. (2013). Generating leading practices through professional learning. Professional Development in Education, 39(1), 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2012.724439
    Fullan, M. (2015). Leadership from the Middle. Education Canada, 55(4), 22-26.
    Fitzgerald, T., & Gunter, H. (2006). Leading Learning: Middle leadership in schools in England and New Zealand. Management in Education, 20(3), 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206060200030201
    Fluckiger, B., Lovett, S., Dempster, N., & Brown, S. (2015). Middle leaders: Career pathways and professional learning needs. Leading and Managing, 21(2), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.164490314492986
    Forde, C., Hamilton, G., Ní Bhróithe, M., Nihill, M., & Rooney, A. M. (2019). Evolving policy paradigms of middle leadership in Scottish and Irish education: Implications for middle leadership professional development. School Leadership & Management, 39(3–4), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2018.1539962
    Forde, C., & Kerrigan, K. (2023). Middle Leaders in the Schools 29. The Palgrave Handbook of Teacher Education Research, 643-663. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16193-3_26
    Forde, C., Torrance, D., McMahon, M., & Mitchell, A. (2021). Middle Leadership and Social Justice Leadership in Scottish Secondary Schools: Harnessing the Delphi Method’s Potential in a Participatory Action Research Process. International Studies in Educational Administration (Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration & Management (CCEAM)), 49(3), 103–121.
    Gans, J. (2000). Facilitating synthesis and advancing methodological development in strategic planning. Cornell University.
    Grootenboer, P. (2018). The Practices of School Middle Leadership: Leading Professional Learning. Springer.
    Gurr, D. (2010). Thinking about leadership for learning. Australian Educational Leader, 32(4), 15–20.
    Gurr, D. (2015). A Model of Successful School Leadership from the International Successful School Principalship Project. Societies, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc5010136
    Gurr, D. (2019). School middle leaders in Australia, Chile and Singapore. School Leadership & Management, 39(3–4), 278–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2018.1512485
    Grootenboer, P., Edwards-Groves, C., & Rönnerman, K. (2015). Leading practice development: Voices from the middle. Professional Development in Education, 41(3), 508–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2014.924985
    Grootenboer, P., Edwards-Groves, C., & Rönnerman, K. (2019). Understanding middle leadership: Practices and policies. School Leadership & Management, 39(3–4), 251–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1611712
    Gurr, D., & Drysdale, L. (2007). Models of Successful Principal Leadership: Victorian Case Studies. In Successful Principal Leadership In Times Of Change: An International Perspective , 39-58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5516-1_3
    Gurr, D., & Drysdale, L. (2013). Middle‐level secondary school leaders: Potential, constraints and implications for leadership preparation and development. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578231311291431
    Gurr, D., Drysdale, L., & Mulford, B. (2006). Models of successful principal leadership. School Leadership & Management, 26(4), 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430600886921
    Harris, A. (2000). Effective Leadership and Departmental Improvement. Westminster Studies in Education, 23(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/0140672000230108
    Hammersley-Fletcher, L., & Kirkham, G. (2005). Distribution, collaboration and collegiality: Issues for primary middle leaders. Paper presented at the British educational research association annual conference, University of Glamorgan.
    Hargreaves, A., & Ainscow, M. (2015). The top and bottom of leadership and change. Phi Delta Kappan, 97(3), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721715614828
    Harris, A., Jamieson, I., & Russ, J. (1995). A Study of ‘Effective’ Departments in Secondary Schools. School Organisation, 15(3), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260136950150306
    Harris, A., & Jones, M. (2017). Middle leaders matter: Reflections, recognition, and renaissance. School Leadership & Management, 37(3), 213–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2017.1323398
    Harris, A., Jones, M., Ismail, N., & Nguyen, D. (2019). Middle leaders and middle leadership in schools: Exploring the knowledge base (2003–2017). School Leadership & Management, 39(3–4), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1578738
    Hung, D. W. L., Toh, Y., Jamaludin, A., Sng, G., Lim, M., Li, S., & Moo, E. (2018). Educational change for the 21st century:‘Leadership From the middle’. Leadership for Change. The Singapore Schools’ Experience, 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813227323_0006
    Iftach, G., & Shapira-Lishchinsky, O. (2023). Exploring middle-level school leadership styles through role-play simulations. Journal of Educational Administration, 61(2), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-01-2022-0015
    Irvine, P., & Brundrett, M. (2016). Middle leadership and its challenges: A case study in the secondary independent sector. Management in Education, 30(2), 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020616643158
    Irvine, P. A., & Brundrett, M. (2019). Negotiating the next step: The part that experience plays with middle leaders’ development as they move into their new role. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(1), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217720457
    Javadi, V., Bush, T., & Ng, A. (2017). Middle leadership in international schools: Evidence from Malaysia. School Leadership & Management, 37(5), 476–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2017.1366439
    Kane, M., & Trochim, W. M. K. (2007). Concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Sage Publications, Inc.
    Kardaras, D. K., Karakostas, B., & Mamakou, X. J. (2013). Content presentation personalisation and media adaptation in tourism web sites using Fuzzy Delphi Method and Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(6), 2331–2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.10.031
    Kavanagh, S., Sexton, P. J., & Fitzsimons, S. (2021). Transforming Middle Leadership in Education and Training Board Post-Primary Schools in Ireland. International Journal for Transformative Research, 8(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijtr-2021-0003
    Koh, H. H., Gurr, D., Drysdale, L., & Ang, L. L. (2011). How school leaders perceive the leadership role of middle leaders in Singapore primary schools? Asia Pacific Education Review, 12(4), 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9161-1
    Leithwood, K. (2016). Department-Head Leadership for School Improvement. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 15(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2015.1044538
    Lee, D. H. L., & Ip, N. K. K. (2023). The influence of professional learning communities on informal teacher leadership in a Chinese hierarchical school context. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(2), 324–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220985159
    Lin, H., Lai, W. & Wu, B. (2020). How to Determine the Critical Ratios for Fuzzy Delphi Method? International Journal of Intelligent technologies and applied statistics, 13(3), 257-266.
    Lipscombe, K., Grice, C., Tindall-Ford, S., & De-Nobile, J. (2020). Middle leading in Australian schools: Professional standards, positions, and professional development. School Leadership & Management, 40(5), 406–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2020.1731685
    Lipscombe, K., Tindall-Ford, S., & Grootenboer, P. (2020). Middle leading and influence in two Australian schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(6), 1063–1079. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219880324
    Lipscombe, K., Tindall-Ford, S., & Lamanna, J. (2021). School middle leadership: A systematic review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(2), 270–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220983328
    Llorent-Bedmar, V., Cobano-Delgado, V., & Navarro-Granados, M. (2019). School leadership in disadvantaged contexts in Spain: Obstacles and improvements. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 47(1), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217728084
    Maddock, L. C. (2023). Academic middle leaders, middle leading and middle leadership of university learning and teaching: A systematic review of the higher education literature. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 0(0), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2022.2160888
    Murphy, M. (2020). The practices of school middle leadership. Leading professional learning. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 52(4), 448–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2019.1685956
    Nakkubua, L., Phutiariyawat, J., & Koolnaphadol, T. (2022). The Development of Innovative Leadership Indicators of School Administrators in Education Sandboxes. Journal of Research and Curriculum Development, 12(1), 1-12.
    Parrish, D. R. (2015). The relevance of emotional intelligence for leadership in a higher education context. Studies in Higher Education, 40(5), 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.842225
    Rahman, N. R. A., Abdullah, Z., Kenayathulla, H. B., & Gurusamy, T. (2023). Professional Development of Instructional Coaching for Middle Leaders in Malaysian Secondary Schools: A Need Analysis. Journal of Contemporary Social Science and Education Studies (JOCSSES), 3(1), Article 1.
    Saffie, N.A. M., Shukor, N.M., & Rasmani, K.A. (2016, July 24-27). Fuzzy delphi method: Issues and hallenges. International Conference on Logistics, Informatics and Service Sciences (LISS), Sydney, NSW, pp. 1–7.
    Tam, A. C. F. (2010). Understanding the leadership qualities of a head of department coping with curriculum changes in a Hong Kong secondary school. School Leadership & Management, 30(4), 367–386.
    Tang, J. (2022). Mapping the terrain: A literature review on school middle leadership in Mainland China. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2022.2120633
    Tanadka, I., Wannawan, P., Sriphal, S., & Charoensuk, P. (2019). Developing Necessary Leadership Characteristics Indicators of Secondary Basic School Administrators in Thailand. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 11(4), 29–38.
    Trochim, W. M. K. (1985). Pattern Matching, Validity, and Conceptualization in Program Evaluation. Evaluation Review, 9(5), 575–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X8500900503
    Trochim, W. (1993). The reliability of concept mapping. Annual Conference of the American Evaluation Association. Dallas, Texas.
    Thornton, K., Walton, J., Wilson, M., & Jones, L. (2018). Middle leadership roles in universities: Holy Grail or poisoned chalice. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 40(3), 208–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1462435
    Toh, Y., Hung, W. L. D., Chua, P. M.-H., He, S., & Jamaludin, A. (2016). Pedagogical reforms within a centralised-decentralised system: A Singapore’s perspective to diffuse 21st century learning innovations. International Journal of Educational Management, 30(7), 1247–1267. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-10-2015-0147
    Van Schaik, P., Volman, M., Admiraal, W., & Schenke, W. (2020). Fostering collaborative teacher learning: A typology of school leadership. European Journal of Education, 55(2), 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12391
    White, P. (2001). The leadership of curriculum area middle managers in Victorian government secondary schools. Leading and Managing, 7(2), 131–150.
    Yushang, D., Sethakhajorn, S., Sutheeniran, N., Sittiwiset, S., & Dechhome, P. (2023). Strategies for Psychology Improving Administrators’ Leadership in Universities in Guangxi. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 6(3s), Article 3s.
    Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8(3), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
    Zadok, A., & Benoliel, P. (2023). Middle-leaders’ transformational leadership: Big five traits and teacher commitment. International Journal of Educational Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-12-2022-0541
    Zhang, X., Wong, J. L. N., & Wang, X. (2022). How do the leadership strategies of middle leaders affect teachers’ learning in schools? A case study from China. Professional Development in Education, 48(3), 444–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.1895284
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    學校行政碩士在職專班
    110911006
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110911006
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[學校行政碩士在職專班] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    100601.pdf5705KbAdobe PDF0View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback