数据加载中.....
|
请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/29988
|
| 题名: | 智慧資本與組織績效關係之研究--以高等教育機構為例
The relationship between intellectual capital and organizational performance: Higher education perspective |
| 作者: | 李怡禛
Lee, I-chen |
| 贡献者: | 林月雲
Lin, Yeh-yun
李怡禛
Lee, I-chen |
| 关键词: | 智慧資本
人力資本
結構資本
關係資本
高等教育
intellectual capital
human capital
structural capital
relational capital
higher education |
| 日期: | 2006 |
| 上传时间: | 2009-09-11 17:00:05 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 在知識經濟時代，組織價值來源已由實質的土地、廠房、設備等有形資本，轉變為以「知識」為主體的無形「智慧資本」(Intellectual Capital， IC)，是指能使組織提升競爭力與市場價值之所有知識、技術、關係與機制之總和，智慧資本三大內涵包括人力資本、結構資本與關係資本，其原本就存在組織之中，並非近來才有之新產物，只是過去論及績效時多側重財務數字，對無形資本價值較為疏忽，也無法以系統化架構檢視組織內部IC之發展。1990年以來，國外學者與實務界紛紛重視IC的研究與導入，IC遂成為21世紀組織創造競爭力之管理新趨勢。
本研究旨在探討高等教育機構智慧資本對組織績效之影響，並試圖驗證結構資本與關係資本之中介效果。資料蒐集來源為美國新聞與世界報導以及普林斯頓評論兩大資料庫2003年至2006年之跨年度資料，藉以驗證132所美國知名大學在智慧資本與組織績效間之關係。研究結果發現高素質人力資本為學校帶來高績效，且關係資本在人力資本與組織績效間具有中介效果，但結構資本則在人力資本與組織績效之關係未造成中介效果，
In the age of knowledge economy, the value of an organization has shifted from land, factories, equipments and other tangible assets to Intellectual Capital (IC). IC refers to the total sum of knowledge, technology, relationship and mechanism that could increase the competitiveness and market value of an organization. The three main components of IC are human capital, structural capital, and relational capital. In the past, although existing, these three capitals were neglected because financial figures in the accounting system could not capture their value.
The purpose of this study is to explore IC in higher education and verify the relationship between the three capitals and school performance of 132 higher education institutions in the U.S. By using the 2003-2006 databases from US NEWS and Princeton Review, research result shows that more human capital corresponds to more relational capital; more human capital corresponds to better performance. In addition, structural capital does not mediate the relationship between human capital and performance; relational capital has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between human capital and performance; and structural capital does not mediate the relationship between human capital and relational capital. |
| 參考文獻: | 壹、中文部分
元智大學(無日期)。元智大學沿革。[全球資訊網頁]網址：http://www.yzu.edu.tw/intro.php (上網查詢日期2007/05/30)。
元智大學(無日期)。TQM推動狀況。[全球資訊網頁]網址：http://www.yzu.edu.tw/nqa/3.htm (上網查詢日期2007/05/30)。
司徒達賢(2001)。策略管理新論—觀念架構與分析方法。台北：智勝。
台灣智慧資本研究中心(2004)。 http://www.ticrc.nccu.edu.tw/index.htm。
朱博湧、熊杏華、林裕淩與劉子衙(2005)。非營利研發機構之智慧資本與績效評估—工研院之實證研究。管理學報，22(3)，277-293。
吳思華(2000)。迎接知識經濟時代之新挑戰，新世紀台灣企業發展策略研討會論文集，頁38~50，救國團社會研究院主辦。
林月雲、魏郁禎、李怡禛(2006)。智慧資本創造與蓄積。載於台灣智慧資本研究中心(主編)，智慧資本管理(69 - 90頁)。台北：華泰文化。
林妙雀(2005)。企業之智慧資本與分享組織文化對組織管理績效影響之實證研究。管理評論，24(1)，55-81。
林東清(2004)。知識管理。台北：智勝文化。
林南(2004)。教育制度與社會資本。教育研究集刊，50(4)，1-16。
Barsky, N. P., & Marchant, G. (2000). The most valuable resource: Measuring and managing intellectual capital. Strategic Finance (Feb), 59-62.
Bassi, L. J. & Van Buren, M. E. (1999). Valuing investments in intellectual capital. International Journal of Technology Management, 18(5), 414-432.
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital. New York: Columbia University Press.
Berg, I. (1969). Education and jobs: The great training robbery. New York: Praeger Publisher.
Bontis, N. & Fitz-enz, J. (2002). Intellectual capital ROI: A causal map of human capital antecedents and consequents, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3(3), 223-247.
Bontis, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management Decision, 36(2), 63-76.
Bontis, N., Dragonetti, N., Jacobsen, K. & Roos, G. (1999). The knowledge toolbox: A review of the tools available to measure and manage intangible resources. European Management Journal, 17(4), 391-402.
Bontis, N., Keow, W. C., & Richardson, S. (2000). Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(1), 85-100.
Bontis,N. (1999). Managing organizational knowledge by diagnosing intellectual capital: Framing and advancing the state of the field, International Journal of Technology Management, 18(5), 433-462.
Booth, R. (1998). The measurement of intellectual capital. Management Accounting, 76 (10), 26-28.
Johnson, W. H. A. (1999). An integrative taxonomy of intellectual capital: measuring the stock and flow of intellectual capital components in the firm. International Journal of Technology Management, 18, 562-575.
Brooking, A. (1996). Intellectual capital . London : International Thomson Business Press
Brooking, A., & Motta, E. (1996). A taxonomy of intellectual capital and a methodology for auditing it. 17th Annual National Business Conference, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, (January), 24-26.
Brooking, A., Board, P., & Jones, S. (1998). The predictive potential of intellectual capital. International Journal of Technology Management, 16(1-3), 115-125.
Brown Jr. W. O.(2001). Faculty participation in university governance and the effect on university performance. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 44, 129-143.
Buren, M. E. V. (1999). A yardstick for knowledge management. Training & Development, 53(5), 71.
Cameron, K. S. (1978). Domains of organizational effectiveness in colleges and universities. Academy of Management Journal, 24(1), 25-47.
Carpenter, M. A., & Westphal, J. D. (2001). The strategic context of external network ties: examining the impact of director appointments on board involvement in strategic decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 639-660.
Chen, J., Zhu, Z., & Xie, H. Y. (2004). Measuring intellectual capital: A new model and empirical study. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(1), 195-212.
Climaco, C. (1992). Getting to know schools using performance indicator：Criteria, indicators and process. Educational Review, 44 (3), 297-308.
Coase, R. H. (1937). The nature of the firm. Economica 4, 386-405.
Kaplan, & Norton. (1992). The balanced scorecard-measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 71-79.
Coff, R. (1997). Human assets and management dilemmas: Coping withhazards on the road to resource-based theory. Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 374–402.
Cohen, D., & Prusak, L. (2001). In good company: How social capital makes organizations work. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Crosby, P. B. (1979). Quality is free: The art of making quality certain. New York: New American Library.
Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. (1984). Toward a model of organizations as interpretation system. Academy of Management Review, 9, 284-295.
Davidson, W. H., & Davis, S. M. (1992). Management and organization principle for the information economy. Human Resource Management. 29, 365-383.
Davis, H. D., & Noland, B. E. (2002). Understanding human capital through multiple disciplines: the educational needs index. Social Indicators Research, 61, 147-174.
Deming, W. E. (1986). Out of crisis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study.
Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. (1989). Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science, 35(12),1504-1511.
Dimmock, C. (1990). Managing for quality and accountability in western Australian education. Education Review, 42(2), 197-206.
Douglas, A. & Douglas, J. (2006). Campus spies? Using mystery students to evaluate university performance. Educational Research, 48(1), 117–25.
Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. (1985). Organization & management: A systems and contingency approach, (9th ed.) NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Dixon, N. M. (1992). Organizational learning: A review of the literature with implications for HRD professionals. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 3(1), 29-49.
Duffy, J. (2000). Measuring customer capital. Strategy & Leadership, 28(5), 10.
Duncan, R., & Weiss, A. (1979). Organizationl learning: Implications for organizational design. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 75-123.
Dzinkowski, R. (2000). The value of intellectual capital. The Journal of Business Strategy, 21 (Jul/Aug), 3-4.
Edvinsson, L. & Sullivan, P. (1996). Developing a model for managing intellectual capital, European Management Journal, 14(4), 356-64.
Edvinsson, L. (1997). Developing intellectual capital at Skandia. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 366-373.
Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. S. (1997). Intellectual capital: Realizing your company’s true value by finding it’s hidden brainpower. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989), Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Etzinoi, A. (1964). Mordern organization. N. J., USA: Prentice Hall.
Feigenbaum, A. V. (1983). Total quality control. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Keith, B. (2001). Organizational context and universitity performance outcomes: The limited role of purposive action in the management of institutional status. Research in Higher Education, 42(5), 493-516.
Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. (1996). Strategic leadership. St. Paul: West.
Flamholtz, E., & Lacey, J. (1981). Personnel management: Human capital theory and human resource accounting. Los Angeles: Institute of Industrial Relations, UCLA.
French W. L. (1994). Human Resources Management (3rd ed.), NY: McGraw-Hill.
Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building a learning organization. Harvard Business Review. July-August, 78-91.
Genck, F. H. (1983). Improve school performance. N.Y.: Praeger Publishers.
Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J.M., & Donnelly, J.H.Jr. (1976). Organizations: behavior, structure, and processes, Dallas, Taxas: Business Publications, Inc.
Glaser, B., & Strauass, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory, Chicago, IL: Aldine.
Granovetter M. (1974). Getting a job. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
Grant, R. M. (1991). A resource based theory of competitive advantage: Implication for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135.
Grantham, C. E., & Nichols, L. D. (1997). A framework for the management of intellectual capital in the health care industry, Journal of Health Care Finance, 2(3), 1-19.
Kohli, A. K., & Jaworski, B. J. (1990). Market orientation：The construct research propositions, and managerial implications, Journal of Marketing, 54(Apr.), 1-18.
Gratton, L., & Ghoshal, S. (2003). Managing personal human capital: New ethos for the volunteer employee. European Management Journal, 21(1), 1-10.
Greiner, J. M., (1996). Positioning performance measurement for the twenty first century, In A. Thalachmi & G. Bouckaert (Eds)., Organizational Performance and Measurement in the Public Sector,( pp. 11-50), London: Quorum Book.
Gross, E. (1967). The definition of organizational goal, British Journal of Sociology, 20, 287-291.
Gulati, R. (1999). Network location and learning: The influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 397-420.
Guthrie, J. (2001). The management, measurement and the reporting of intellectual capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2(1), 27-41.
Hair, Joseph F. Jr., Rolph E. Anderson, Ronald L. Tatham, & William C, Black (1995), Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings, New York: Macmillan.
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1994). Competing for the future. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Helfgott, R. B. (1988). Computerized manufacturing and human resources. Lexington, MA: Lexington books.
Hirschhorn, L. (1984). Beyond mechanization: Work and technology in a postindustrial age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K., & Kochhar, R. (2001). Direct and moderating effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: a resource-based perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 13-28.
Leana, C. R., & Van Buren, H. J. III. (1999). Organizational social capital and employment practices. Academy of Management Review, 24, 538-555.
Hoy, W. K., & Miskel ,C. G. (1982). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice, (2nd ed.), New York :Random House, Inc.
Hoy,W.K., & Ferguson, J. (1985). A theoretical framework and exploration of organizational effectiveness of schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 21(2), 121-124.
Hubert, Saint-Onge. (1996). Tacit knowledge: The key to the strategic alignment of intellectual capital, Strategy & Leadership, 24(2), 10-14.
Hudson, W. (1993). Intellectual capital: How to build it, enhance it, use it. New York: John Wiley.
Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635-672.
Irelan, R. D., Hitt, M A., & Vaidyanath, D. (2002). Alliance management as a source of competitive advantage. Journal of Management 28(3), 413-446.
Itami, H. (1987) Mobilizing invisible assets. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Leliaert, P. J. C., Candries, W., & Tilmans, R. (2003). Identifying and managing IC: a new classification. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(2), 202-214.
Lengnick-Hall, C. A. (1992). Innovation and competitive advantage: What we know and what we need to learn. Journal of Management, 18, 399-429.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1992). Core capabilities and core rigidities: A paradox in managing new product development, Strategic Management Journal, 13, 111–125.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellsprings of knowledge, Harvard Business School Press Massachusetts.
林新發(1990)。我國工業專科學校校長領導行為、組織氣氛與組織績效關係之研究，國立台灣師範大學教育學系，未出版之博士論文。
Lepak, D. P., & Snell, S. A. (1999). The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 31-48.
Lin, X., & Germain, R. (2003). Organizational structure, content, customer orientation, and performance: Lessons from Chinese state-owned enterprises. Strategic Management Journal, 24 (11), 1131-1151.
Lomas, L. (2004). Embedding quality: the challenges for higher education. Quality Assurance in Education, 12 (4), 157-65.
Lynn, B. E. (1998). Performance evaluation in the new economy: Bridging the measurement and evaluation of intellectual capital into the management planning and control system. International Journal of Technology Management, 16, 162-176.
Martin, E. (2006). Efficiency and quality in the current higher education context in Europe: An application of the data envelopment analysis methodology to performance assessment of departments within the University of Zaragoza. Quality of Higher Education, 12(1), 57-79.
McElroy, M. W. (2002). Social innovation of capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital 3(1), 30-39.
Molyneux, A. (1998). IC and the ASCPA: Seeking competitive advantage. Australian CAP, 68(5), 27-28.
Murphy, K. R. & Cleveland, J. N. (1995). Performance appraisal: An organizational perspective. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23, 242-266.
Narver, J. C., & Slater, S.F. (1990). The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 20-35
周文賢(2002)。多變量統計分析：SAS/STAT使用方法。台北：智勝文化出版。
National Institute of Standard of Technology (2007). Baldrige national quality program 2007: Education criteria for performance excellence.
National Institute of Standard of Technology (2001). Baldrige national quality program 2002: Education criteria for performance excellence.
Nelson, R., & Winter, S. (1982). An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Nonaka I., & Takeuchi H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York Oxford University Press.
OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1996). The knowledge-based economy. Paris : author.
Penning, M. J. (1998). In the middle: Parental care giving in the context of other roles. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 53B(4), S188-S197.
Pennings, J. M., Lee, K., & Witteloostuijn, A. V. (1998). Human capital, social capital and firm dissolution. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 425-440.
Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14, 179-191.
Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage through people: Unleashing the power of the work force. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Pickle, H., & Friedlander, F. (1967). Seven societal criteria of organizational success. Personnel Psychology, 20, 165-178.
品質獎評審委員會工作小組(2006)。第十七屆台灣地區品質獎評審標準參考手冊，經濟部。
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage. New York: The Free Press.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G.. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(May-June), 79-91.
Probst, G., Raub, S., & Romhardt, K. (2000). Managing knowledge. NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Prusak, L., and D. Cohen. (2001). How to invest in social capital. Harvard Business Review, 2001(June), 86-93.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65-78.
Quinn, J. B. (1992). The intelligent enterprise: A new paradigm. Academy of Management Executive, 6(4), 48-63.
Quinn, J. B., Anderson, P., & Finkelstein, S. (1996). Managing professional intellectual intellect: Making the most of the best. Harvard Business Review, 74(2), 71-80
Ramsden, P. (1999). Learning to teach in higher education. London: Routledge.
Reyes, P. (1990). What research has to say about commitment, performance and productivity. In P.Reyes (Eds). Teachers and Their Workplace: Commitment, Performance and Productivity (pp. 15-21). Newbury Park, CA: sage. Publications Ltd.
Ritter, T. (1999). The networking company: antecedents for coping with relationships and networks effectively. Industrial Marketing Management, 28, 467-479.
陳美純(2001)。資訊科技投資與智慧資本對組織績效影響之研究。國立中央大學資訊管理研究所，未出版之博士論文。
Roos, J., Roos, R., Edvinsson, L., & Dragonetti, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: Navigating in the new business landscape. New York: New York University Press.
Sandberg, J. (2000). Understanding human competence at work: An interpretative approach. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 9-25.
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investments in human capital. American Economic Review, 51(March), 1-17.
Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday Currency.
Sherer, P. D. (1995). Leveraging human assets in law firms: Human capital structures and organizational capabilities. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48, 671-691.
Shuen, A. (1994). Technology sourcing and learning strategies in the semiconductor industry, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Simon, H. A. (1976). Administrative behavior：A study of decision-making process in administrative organization. (3rd) NY：The Free Press.
Slaughter, S. & Leslie, L. (1997). Academic capitalism: Politics, policies and the entrepreneurial University, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Snell, S. A., & Dean, J. W. Jr. (1992). Integrated manufacturing and human resources management: A human capital perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 467-504.
Snell, S. A., Lepak, D. P., & Youndt, M. A. (1999). Managing the architecture of intellectual capital: implications for strategic human resource management. In Patrick M. Wright et al. (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resource management: strategic human resource management in the twenty-first century supplement 4. Stamford, CN: JAI Press.
張家宜(2002)。高等教育行政全面品質管理—理論與實務。台北：高等教育。
Spender, J. C. (1996). Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 45-62.
Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organization commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.
Steward, T. A. (1994). Your company’s most valuable asset. Intellectual capital. Fortune, Oct: 68-74
Stewart, T. A. (1997). Intellectual capital: The new wealth of organizations. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc..
Sveiby, K. E. (1997). The new organizational wealth: Managing and measuring knowledge-based assets, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
Ulrich, D., & Lake, D. (1991). Organizational capability: Creating competitive advantage. Academy of Management Executive, 5(1), 77-92.
Ulrich, D. (1991). Using human resources for competitive advantage. in R. Kilmann., I. Kilmann, & Associate(Eds.), Making organizations competitive, (pp.129-155). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Ulrich, D. (1998). Intellectual capital = competence x commitment. Sloan Management Review, Winter, 15-26.
Walton, R. E., & Susman, G. I. (1987). People policies for the new machines. Harvard Business Review, 86(4), 71-83.
Wellins, R. S., Byham, W. C., & Wison, J. M. (1991). Empowered teams. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
淡江大學(2004)。九十三學年度全面品質管理研習會實錄。未出版。
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 171-180.
Wright, P. M., Smart, D., & McMahon, G. C. (1995). Matches between human resource and strategy among NCAA basketball teams. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1052-1074.
Wood, F. (1990). Factors influencing research performance of university academic staff. Higher Education, 19, 81-100.
Yan, A. & Barbara G. (1994). Bargaining power, management control, and performance in United States-China joint ventures: a comparative case study. Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), 1478-1517.
Yin, R. K. (1989). Case study research: Design and methods, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Youndt, M. A. (1998). Human resource management systems, intellectual capital, and organizational performance. the dissertation in doctor degree, the Pennsylvania State University, Colledge of Business Administration.
Yuchtman , E., & Seashore , S. E. (1967). A system resource approach to organizational effectiveness. American Sociological Review, 32, 891-903.
淡江大學(2006)。九十三學年度全面品質管理研習會實錄。未出版。
楊思偉(2000)。高等教育普及化發展模式初探。教育研究資訊，8(4)，頁 17-32
楊國賜(2006年3月)。新世紀高等教育的分類、定位與功能。楊朝祥(主持人)，高等教育機構功能、定位與分類。大學分類、評比與品質保證學術研討會，淡江大學。
楊清閔(1999)。知識活動下的人力資源策略，國立政治大學企業管理學系，未出版之碩士論文。
詹文男(2003年)。我國產業智慧資本創造之現況。92年度智慧資本的創造與管理研討會。黃重球主持
劉京偉(2000)。知識管理第一本書。台北：商周出版社。
韓志翔、黃秉德與林淑姬(2004)。智慧資本之理論基礎與衡量指標之建構智慧資本理論、政策與實務推廣四年計畫結案報告。未出版。
貳、英文部分
Ahuja, G. (2000). Collaboration network, structural holes, and innovation: a longitudinal study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 425-455.
Anand, V., Glick, W. H., & Manz, C. C. (2002). Thriving on the knowledge of outsides: tapping organizational social capital. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 87-101.
Argyris, C. & Schon, D. A. (1978). Organizationa learning: A theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addision-Wesley.
Baker, W. (1990). Market networks and corporate behavior, American Journal of Sociology, 96, 589-625.
Baptiste, I. (2001). Educating long wolves: Pedagogical implications of human capital theory. Adult Education Quarterly, 51(3), 184-201.
Barney J. B. (1986). Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10), 1231-1241.
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-129.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. |
| 描述: | 博士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
92355510
95 |
| 資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0923555101 |
| 数据类型: | thesis |
| 显示于类别: | [企業管理學系] 學位論文
|
文件中的档案:
| 档案 |
大小 | 格式 | 浏览次数 |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 257 | 检视/开启 |
|
在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.
|
