English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 110525/141442 (78%)
Visitors : 47061336      Online Users : 1001
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version
    政大機構典藏 > 商學院 > 企業管理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/34917


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34917


    Title: 組織創業精神傾向,市場導向以及組織學習類型對組織績效關係之探討
    Authors: 張玉琳
    Yu-Ling Chang
    Contributors: 洪順慶
    張玉琳
    Yu-Ling Chang
    Keywords: 組織創業精神
    市場導向
    組織學習類型
    市場知識
    Date: 2002
    Issue Date: 2009-09-18 13:18:02 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 論文摘要
    當企業面臨環境、技術與競爭市場的快速變化以及產品生命週期日漸縮短時，惟有不斷地創新方能贏得目標顧客的滿意，因而學習能力的強弱便成為企業重要的競爭優勢來源；此外，為了因應變化快速的企業環境，許多經理人與學者們紛紛密切地注意企業如何發展以及維持他們的顧客與市場，所以在近代許多行銷文獻當中一致認為企業競爭優勢的獲取與創造優越的顧客價值，不可或缺的條件之一就是發展市場導向。
    但是最近的文獻卻指出，市場導向與組織創業精神傾向在達成優越的企業績效上具有潛在的緊張關係存在，這種情形令行銷者深感不安，因為它可能意味著市場導向將不利於廠商試圖同時具備組織創業精神與追求成功，而由於市場導向將會導致正面企業績效的相關研究陸續出現，因此此現象更值得認真的關注與探討。此外，組織學習類型迄今並沒有較完備且普遍可接受的操作型定義，且組織學習類型與市場導向和組織創業精神兩者之間的關係，亦無直接證據或可供連結的觀念存在，令本研究認為有必要將組織創業精神傾向、市場導向與組織學習之類型（或內涵）之關係作進一步釐清，以瞭解對組織整體績效提升之影響。
    綜合上述原因，本研究希望能整合各家對組織創業精神傾向、市場導向以及組織學習理論的相關說法與觀點，並以市場知識層級的角度出發，嘗試將三個看似不同但卻頗具關連性的構念加以連結，進一步探討組織創業精神傾向、市場導向以及組織學習三者彼此之間，以及此三者與組織績效之間關係的理論架構和研究假設，並透過實證研究來檢定假說，藉以瞭解：1.組織學習類型的內涵並澄清文獻上的定義。2.組織創業精神傾向、市場導向以及組織學習類型三個構念彼此之間的關連性。3.組織創業精神傾向、市場導向以及組織學習類型三者對組織績效之影響，以及彼此之間所產生的中介效果。4.組織創業精神傾向、市場導向對組織績效之影響路徑，以及可能會因組織學習類型之不同而產生的差異。
    本研究在理論推導和實證研究上雖力求完整，然而仍舊受時間、人力與財力所限，因此可能會有下列之研究限制：1.本研究之目的乃在於探索組織創業精神傾向、市場導向以及組織學習類型三者彼此之間的關係，有關組織績效指標之選取，除參酌學者們之研究外，亦需考慮其代表性以及衡量之困難度，因此將可能無法將所有組織績效指標皆納入考慮。2.本研究探討組織創業精神傾向、市場導向以及組織學習類型三者與組織績效之間的關係，許多文獻已深入研究並發現，組織學習與組織績效之間透過中介變數（如創新）之影響亦存在著間接的正相關性，但此類關係並非本研究討論之重點。3.本研究理論乃是透過市場知識層級以及組織學習類型之間的關連性來探索，但市場知識層級之實證研究迄今仍嫌匱乏，因此在理論推導的涵蓋面上應仍有所限制與不足之處。4.本研究理論只是透過市場知識層級來進行構念之間關係之建立，對於市場知識層級之內涵、產生過程以及操作化定義等並未多加著墨，雖透過業界深度訪談來補強，但仍可能會使研究中組織學習類型之區分準則或依據有不甚周延之處。
    本研究的變數主要包括組織創業精神傾向、市場導向、組織學習類型與組織績效等四大項。茲分述如下：1.組織創業精神傾向定義為：「組織接受企業家精神的程序、實務以及決策制訂的傾向，並經由組織對創新性、風險承擔以及預應能力的偏好而形成特徵」，以Covin and Slevin（1989）及Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer（2002）的量表為參考依據。2.市場導向定義為：「組織全面性的蒐集目前與未來的市場情報，跨部門間的傳播該情報以及組織上下對該情報給予反應」，以修正後Jaworski and Kohli（1993）以及Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer（2002）的MO量表為參考依據。3.組織學習類型依據Argyris and Schon（1978）及Gordon（1996）的看法區分為單圈學習與雙圈學習，並參酌McGill et al.（1992）、Haeckel and Nolan（1993）、Bennett and O’brien（1994）、O’Neil（1995）等學者對組織學習衡量與比較構面的看法，認為單圈學習與雙圈學習兩者的主要差別在於矯正對象以及矯正深度之不同，且其內涵則會透過文化、結構、行為以及資訊等四個構面來表現，至於問卷設計的方式則以Snow and Hrebiniak（1980）、McDaniel and Kolari（1987）、Dvir, Segev, and Shenhar（1993）、Matsuno and Mentzer（2000）以及Slater and Olson（2001）等學者在其相關研究中所採行之單純自我分類方法（Self-Typing）為參考，並進行業界深度訪談與兩次問卷前測以提高問卷信度與效度；每題組總分十分，並請答卷者於每題組之兩子題目分別給分。4. 組織績效包含相對市場佔有率的改變、投資報酬率、新產品成功等三大項目，其量表則分別參考彙整自Jaworski and Kohli（1993）、Slater and Naver（1995）、Baker and Sinkula（1999）、Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer（2002）等學者之相關研究。
    本研究透過SPSS 10.0之徑路分析（層級式多元迴歸）發現：1.當組織創業精神傾向透過市場導向的中介效果後，對組織績效反而具有顯著的正面影響，此發現與Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer（2002）的實證結果一致。2.組織創業精神傾向甚至不必透過組織結構之調整（扁平化）便能對市場導向有直接顯著的正面影響，亦即組織創業精神與市場導向兩者之間所存在著一種直接關係。3.不論將樣本資料區分為單圈組織學習或雙圈組織學習，組織學習對組織績效都有顯著的正面影響，而組織學習類型在市場導向與組織績效之關係中所具備之中介效果，於單圈組織學習的樣本資料中更顯突出。4.在雙圈組織學習類型之修正後理論架構則顯示，市場導向與雙圈組織學習兩者之間具備不顯著但正向之關係。5.組織創業精神傾向會透過雙圈組織學習的中介效果而對組織績效產生顯著的正面影響。6.本研究結果支持黃俊英（1999）所提及組織學習在市場導向與組織績效之間扮演完全中介角色之發現。7.不論單雙圈組織學習樣本資料，對組織績效中之調適力子構面都有較顯著之影響。
    Reference: 參考文獻
    一、中文文獻
    1. Amar Bhide（1996），趙橋譯，創業家必須嚴肅以對的問題，哈佛商業評論，台北：天下文化。
    2. 林鈺欽（民86），個人創業、組織氛圍與學習型組織關係之研究，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
    3. 張瓊今（2000），國際零售業市場導向、組織創業精神、差異化優勢與國際化關係之研究，高雄第一科技大學行銷與流通管理系未出版之碩士論文。
    4. 黃俊英（1999），非營利組織市場導向之研究---組織學習觀點，行政院國家科學委員會研究計畫成果報告。
    5. 蔡明達（1999），市場資訊處理程序與組織記憶對行銷創新影響之研究，國立政治大學企業管理系未出版之博士論文。
    6. 鄭美玲（2000），女性創業家創業經驗與生命歷程之研究，國立中正大學企業管理研究所未出版之碩士論文。
    7. 魏聖忠（2002），當代行銷觀念新思維---市場導向理論的回顧與評價，管理評論，第二十一卷，第四期。
    二、英文文獻
    1. Achrol, Ravi S.（1991）,’’Evolution of the Marketing Organization：New Forms for Turbulent Environments,’’ Journal of Marketing, October, pp.77-93.
    2. Anderson, Svante.（2000）,’’The Internationalization of the Firm from an Entrepreneurial Perspective,’’ International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol.30, No.1, pp.63-92.
    3. Argyris, Chris and Donald A. Schon（1978）, Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective, Reading, MA. : Addison-Wesley.
    4. Armstrong, J. Scott and Terry, S. Overton（1977）,”Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys,” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.14, pp.396-402.
    5. Badaeacco, K.（1992）, Knowledge Link：How Firms Compete Through Strategies Alliance, Boston：Harvard Business School Press.
    6. Baker, W.E. and Sinkula, J.M.（1999）,’’The Synergistic Effect of Market Orientation and Learning Orientation on Organizational Performance,’’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Vol.27, Fall,pp.411-427.
    7. Barringer, Bruce R. and Allen C. Bluedorn（1999）,’’The Relationship Between Corporate Entreneurship and Strategic Management,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol 20, No.5, pp.421-444.
    8. Bennett, J. K. and O’brien, M. J.（1994）, Organizational Learning：a Theory of Action Perspective, New York：Addision-Wesley.
    9. Bennis, Warren and Burt Nanus（1985）,’’Organizational Learning: The Management of the Collective Self,’’New Management, Vol.3(1), Summer, pp. 6-13.
    10. Chakravarthy, B.S.（1982）, ”The Executive Mind and Double-Loop Learning,’’Organizational Dynamics, Autumn, pp.5-22.
    11. Churchill, G.A., Jr., and Peter, J. Paul（1984）,’’Research Design Effects on the Reliability of Rating Scales：A Meta-Analysis,’’Journal pf Marketing Research, Vol.21, pp.360-375.
    12. Churchill, G.A., Jr., N.M. Ford, S.W. Hartley, and O.C. Walker, Jr.（1985）,’’The Determinants of Salesperson Performance：A Meta-Analysis,’’ Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.22, pp.103-118.
    13. Churchill, JR. Gilbert A.（1979）,”A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs,”Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.16, pp.64-73.
    14. Conant, Jeffrey S., Nokwa, Michael P., and Varadarajan, P. Rajan（1990）,’’Strategic Types, Distinctive Marketing Competencies and Organizational Performance：A Multiple Measured-Based Study,’’ Strategic Management Journal, Vol.11, pp.365-383.
    15. Cooper, R.G. and Kleinschmidt, E.J.（1996）,’’Winning Business in Product Development：The Critical Success Factors,’’ Research-Technology Management, Vol. 39,pp.18-29.
    16. Covin, Jeffrey G.（1991）,’’Entrepreneurial Versus Conservative Firms：A Comparison of Strategies and Performance,’’ Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 28, No.5, pp.439-462.
    17. Cyert, Richard M. and James G. March（1963）, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. : Prentice-Hall, Inc.
    18. Dawes, John（2000）,’’Market Orientation and Company Profitability：Further Evidence Incorporating Longitudinal Data,’’ Australian Journal of Management, Vol.25, No.2,pp.173-199.
    19. Day, George S.（1994）,’’ The Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.58, October, pp.37-52.
    20. Deng, S. and J. Dart（1994）,’’Measuring Market Orientation：A Multi-Factor, Multi-item Approach,’’ Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.10, pp.725-742.
    21. Deshpande, Rohit and Frederick E. Webster (1989),’’Organizational Culture and Marketing: Defining the Research Agenda,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 53, pp. 3-15.
    22. Deshpande, Rohit and John U. Farely（1998）,’’Measuring Market Orientation：A Generalization and Synthesis,’’ Journal of Market Focused Management, Vol.2, No.3, pp.213-232.
    23. Deshpande, Rohit, John U. Farley, and Frederick E. Webster (1993),’’Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation, and Innovativeness in Japanese Firms: A Quadrad Analysis,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57, pp. 23-27.
    24. Dixon and Nancy M.（1997）,’’ The Hallway of Learning,’’ Organizational Dynamics, Vol.25, No.4, pp.23-34.
    25. Drucker, Peter F.（1995）, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Rye Field Publishing Co.
    26. Duncan, R. and Weiss, A.（1979）,’’Organizational Learning：Implications for Organizational Design,’’ Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol.1, pp.75-123.
    27. Dvir, Dov, Eli Segev, and Aaron Shenhar（1993）,” Technology’s Varying Impact on the Success of Strategic Business Units within the Miles and Snow Typology,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol.14, No.2, pp.155-162.
    28. Felton, Arthur P.（1959）,’’Making the Marketing Concept Work,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 37, July-August, pp. 55-65.
    29. Fiol, C. Marlene and Marjorie A. Lyles（1985）,’’Organizational Learning,”Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 4, October, pp. 803-813.
    30. Garvin, David A. (1993),’’Building a Learning Organization,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 71, July-August, pp. 78-91.
    31. Glazer, Rashi（1991）,’’Marketing in an Information-Intensive Environment: Strategic Implications of Knowledge as an Asset,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 55, pp.1-19.
    32. Gordon, J.（1996）, Organization：Organizational Behavior, N. J.：Prentice-Hall.
    33. Gupta, A.K., Raj, S.P. and Wilemon, D.（1986）,’’A Model of Studying R&D-Marketing Interface in the Product Innovation Process,’’ Journal of Marketing, Vol. 50, No.2, pp.7-17
    34. Haeckel, Stephan H. and Nolan, Richard L.（1993）,”Managing by Wire,” Harvard Business Review, Vol.71, No.5, pp.122-133.
    35. Hamel, G.（2000）, Leading the Revolution, Cambridge, Mass：Harvard Business School Press.
    36. Hart, S. and A. Diamantopoulos（1993）,’’Linking Market Orientation and Company Performance：Preliminary Work on Kohli and Jaworski’s Framework,’’ Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol.1, pp.93-122.
    37. Hedberg, B.（1981）,’’How Organizations Learn and Unlearn,’’ in Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol.52, No.1, pp.22-39.
    38. Horng, Shun-Ching and Arthur C. H. Chen（1998）,’’Market Orientation of Small and Medium-Sized Firms in Taiwan,” Journal of Small Business Management, July, pp. 79-85.
    39. Huber, G.P.（1991）,’’Organizational Learning: The Contributing Process and The Literatures,” Organization Science, February, pp.88-115.
    40. Hunt, Shelby D. and Robert M. Morgan（1995）,’’The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 59, April, pp.1-15.
    41. Hurley, Robert F. and G. Thomas M. Hult（1998）,’’Innovation, Market Orientation, and Organizational Learning: An Integration and Empirical Examination,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62, July, pp.42-54.
    42. J.A. Schumpeter（1934）, The Theory of Economic Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, pp.34.
    43. J.S. Mill（1848）,Principles of Political Economy with Some Applications to Social Philosophy, London：John W. Parker.
    44. Jaworski, Bernard J. and Ajay K. Kohli（1993）,’’Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57, July, pp.53-70.
    45. Jennings, Daniel F. and Dean M. Young（1990）,’’An Empirical Comparison Between Objective and Selective Measures of the Product Innovation Domain of Corporate Entrepreneurship,’’ Entrepreneurship：Theory and Practice, Vol.15, No.1, pp.53-66.
    46. Kim, D. H.（1993）,’’The Link between Individual and Organizational Learning,” Sloan Management Review, Fall, pp.37-50.
    47. Kohli, Ajay K. and Bernard J. Jaworski（1990）,’’Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.54, No.2, April, pp.1-18.
    48. Kotler, Philip（1997）, Marketing Management - Analysis, Planning, Implication and Control, 9th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
    49. Levitt, Theodore（1969）, The Marketing Mode, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
    50. Liu, Hong (1995),’’Market Orientation and Firm Size: An Empirical Examination in UK Firms,” European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 29, No.1, pp.57-71.
    51. Lumpkin,G.T. and Dess,Gregory（1996）,’’Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation a Construct and Linking It to Performance,’’ Academy of Management Review, Vol. 21, No.1, pp.135-179
    52. March, James G.（1991）,’’Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning,’’ Organization Science, Vol.2, Iss.1, pp.71-87.
    53. Matsuno, Ken and Mentzer, John T.（2000）,” The Effects of Strategy Type on the Market Orientation-Performance Relationship,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.64, No.4, pp.1-16.
    54. Matsuno, Ken and Mentzer, John T. and Ozsomer Aysegul（2002）,’’The Effect of Entrepreneurial Proclivity and Market Orientation on Business Performance,” Journal of Marketing, July, Vol.66, pp.18-32.
    55. McDaniel, Stephen W. and James W. Kolari（1987）, “Marketing Strategy Implications of the Miles and Snow Strategic Typology,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.51, No.4, pp.19-30.
    56. McGrill, M., Slocum, C. and Lei, D.（1992）, “Management Practices in Learning Organizations,” Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.5-17.
    57. McQuarrie, Edward F. and Shlby H. McIntyre（1990）, Implementing the Marketing Concept through a Program of Customer Visits, working paper pp. 90-107, March, Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge, MA.
    58. Meyers, P.W.（1990）,’’Non-linear Learning in Technological Firms,’’ Research Policy, Vol.19, pp.97-115.
    59. Miller, Danny and Peter H. Friesen（1982）,’’Innovation in Conservative and Entrepreneurial Firms,’’ Management Science, Vol.29, No.7, pp.770-791.
    60. Morgan, G. and Ramirez, R.（1983）,’’Action Learning：A Holographic Metaphor for Guiding Change,’’ Human Relations, Vol.37, No.1, pp.1-28.
    61. Morris, Michael H. and Lewis. Pamela S.（1995）,’’The Determinants of Entrepreneurial Activity Implications for Marketing,’’ European Journal of Marketing, Vol.29, No.7, pp.31-48.
    62. Morris, Michael H., Ramon A. Avila, and Jeffrey Allen（1993）,’’Individualism and the Modern Corporation：Implications for Innovation and Entrepreneurship,’’ Journal of Management, Vol.19. No3, pp.595-612.
    63. Narver, John C. and Stanley F. Slater（1990）,’’ The Effect of A Market Organization on Business Profitability,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.54, October, pp.20-35.
    64. Nevis, Edwin C., Antohony J. DiBella, and Janet M. Gould（1995）,’’Understanding Organizations as Learning Systems,” Sloan Management Review, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 73-85.
    65. Nonaka, I. and Ttakeuchi H.（1995）, The Knowledge-Creating Company：How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press.
    66. O’Neil, C.（1995）, Four Lens through which to view a Learning Organization, ASTD.
    67. OczKowski,E. and Farrell,M.A.（1998）,’’Discriminating between Measurement Scales Using Non-nested Test and Two-stage Least Squares Estimators,’’International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 15, pp.349-366
    68. Pelham, Alfred M. and David T. Wilson (1996),’’A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Market Structure, Firm Structure, Strategy, and Market Orientation Culture on Dimensions of Small-Firm Performance,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 24, No.1, pp.27-43.
    69. Phillips, Lynn W. (1981),’’Assessing Measurement Error in Key Informant Reports: A Methodological Note on Organizational Analysis in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, November, pp.395-415.
    70. Polanyi, M.（1967）, The Tacit Dimension, New York：M.E. Sharp Inc.
    71. Popper, Micha and Raanan Lipshitz (1998),’’Organizational Learning Mechanisms: A Structural and Cultural Approach to Organizational Learning,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 34, No.2, pp. 161-179.
    72. Quintas and Paul（1997）,’’Knowledge Management：A Strategy Agenda,’’ Long Range Planning, Vol.30, Iss.3, pp.385-391.
    73. Ruekert, Robert W.（1992）,’’Developing a Market Orientation: An Organizational Strategy Perspectives,” International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 9, pp.225-245.
    74. Rukert, Robert and Orville C. Walker, Jr.（1987）,’’Marketing’s Interaction With Other Functional Units: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evidence,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.51, January, pp.1-19.
    75. Schwartz, H.M. and Davis, S.M.（1981）,’’Matching Corporate Culture and Business Strategy,’’ Organizational Dynamics, Summer, pp.30-48.
    76. Senge, Peter M.（1990）, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Purpose of the Learning Organization, 1st Edition, New York: Doubleday.
    77. Shapiro, Bensn P.（1988）,’’What the Hell is Market Oriented? , ” Harvard Business Review, Vol.66, November-December, pp.119-125.
    78. Shrivastava. Paul and John H. Grant.（1983）,’’Empirically Derived Models of Strategic Decision-making Process,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol.5, pp.97-113.
    79. Simon, Herbert A.（1991）,’’Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning,” Organizational Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, pp. 125-134.
    80. Sinkula, James M.（1994）,’’Marketing Information Processing and Organizational Learning,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.58, January, pp.35-45.
    81. Sinkula, James M., William E. Baker, and Thomas Noordewier（1997）,’’A Framework for Market-Based Organizational Learning: Linking Values, Knowledge, and Behavior,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Fall, pp.305-318.
    82. Slater, Stanely F. and Eric M. Olson（2001）,”Marketing’s Contribution to the Implementation of Business Strategy: An Empirical Analysis,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol.22, No.11, pp.1055-1067.
    83. Slater, Stanley F. and John C. Narver（1994）,’’Does Competitive Environment Moderate the Market Orientation-Performance Relationship? ,” Journal of Marketing, January, pp. 46-55.
    84. Slater, Stanley F. and John C. Narver（1994）,’’Market Orientation, Customer Value, and Superior Performance,” Business Horizons, Vol. 37, No. 2, March-April, pp. 22-28.
    85. Slater, Stanley F. and John C. Narver（1995）,’’Market Orientation and the Learning Organization,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.59, July, pp.63-74.
    86. Smart, Denise T.（1994）,’’Entrepreneurial Orientation, Distinctive Marketing Competencies and Organizational Performance,’’ Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol.10, No.3, pp.28-38.
    87. Snell, Robin and Almaz Man-kuen Chak（1998）,’’The learning organization : Learning and empowerment for whom,” Management Learning, Vol.29, No.3, September , pp. 337-364.
    88. Snow, Charles C. and Donald C. Hambrick（1980）, “Measuring Organizational Strategies: Some Theoretical and Methodological Problems,” Academy of Management Review, Vol.5, No.4, pp.527-538.
    89. Stevenson L.A.（1986）,’’Against All Odds：The Entrepreneurship of women,’’Journal of Small Business Management, Vol.24, No.3, pp.30-36.
    90. Stewart, T.A.（1997）, Intellectual Capital：The New Wealth of Organizations, New York：Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc.
    91. Tsang, Eric W. K.（1997）,’’Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization: A Dichotomy Between Descriptive and Prescriptive Research,” Human Relations, Vol. 50, No. 1, January, pp. 73-89.
    92. Venkatraman, N.（1986）,’’Measurement of Business Performance in Strategy Research：A Comparison of Approaches,’’ Academy of Management Review, Vol.11, pp.801-814.
    93. Webster, Frederick E. Jr.（1988）,’’Rediscovering the Marketing Concept,” Business Horizons, Vol. 31, May-June, pp. 29-39.
    94. Wood, V.R., Bhuian, S. and Kiecher, P.（2000）,’’Market Orientation and Organizational Performance in not-for-profit Hospital,’’ Journal of Business Research, pp.213-216.
    95. Wrenn, B.（1997）,’’The Market Orientation Construct：Measurement and Scaling Issues,’’ Journal of Business Research Theory and Practice, Summer, pp.31-51.
    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    企業管理研究所
    86355507
    91
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0086355507
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[企業管理學系] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    35550701.pdf8KbAdobe PDF2705View/Open
    35550702.pdf8KbAdobe PDF2718View/Open
    35550703.pdf17KbAdobe PDF2918View/Open
    35550704.pdf14KbAdobe PDF2812View/Open
    35550705.pdf28KbAdobe PDF2840View/Open
    35550706.pdf114KbAdobe PDF22915View/Open
    35550707.pdf62KbAdobe PDF21378View/Open
    35550708.pdf68KbAdobe PDF23263View/Open
    35550709.pdf40KbAdobe PDF2971View/Open
    35550710.pdf40KbAdobe PDF21056View/Open
    35550711.pdf41KbAdobe PDF2730View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback