Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54937
|
| Title: | 感恩、生命回憶形式對高齡者幸福感的影響
The Effect on Older Adults` Well-being of Gratitude and Types of Life Reminiscence |
| Authors: | 陳貽照
Chen, Yi Chao |
| Contributors: | 李美枝
Li, Mei Chih
陳貽照
Chen, Yi Chao |
| Keywords: | 高齡者
感恩
生命回憶形式
older adults
gratitude
types of life reminiscence |
| Date: | 2011 |
| Issue Date: | 2012-10-30 14:23:52 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究以幸福感作為成功老化的指標，試圖探究高齡者本身的感恩性情及正向回憶形式對其幸福感的影響。
研究一採「個別差異」的觀點，研究者認為相較於一些隨著老化而改變的生活狀況變項（如，身體健康、日常生活功能、經濟狀況、社交活動等因素），高齡者本身的感恩性情及正向回憶形式應更能影響其自評幸福的程度。研究者主要以調查法的方式，對355名55歲以上的高齡者進行團體或個別形式的量表施測。研究結果顯示，感恩性情及正向回憶形式的確與幸福感有密切的關聯，即使在控制基本人口及生活狀況變項的影響後，感恩性情及正向回憶形式仍有助於提升個體的幸福感（其可增加的預測變異量介於6.0%~9.6%）。研究一也將幸福感的三個成分（生活滿意度、正向情緒及負向情緒）分別做為依變項，進一步探討可能的中介模式，結果發現：（1）「正向回憶形式」能完全中介感恩性情對正、負向情緒的影響，但僅能部分中介感恩性情對生活滿意度的影響。而（2）「感恩情緒」則能完全中介感恩性情對正向情緒的影響，但僅能部分中介感恩性情對生活滿意度的影響，卻完全無法中介感恩性情對負向情緒的影響。此外，正向回憶形式與感恩情緒兩中介變項各有其獨特的中介效果，無法相互取代。
研究二則採取實驗法的方式進行，用以檢視感恩情緒與幸福感的因果關係。受試者為75名參與終身學習的高齡者，研究者嘗試以不同感恩情緒的激發方式，來設計適合於高齡者的幸福感提升方案。有些高齡者被要求聚焦在現在生活中的感恩經驗（日常感恩組），有些則是寫出過去生命裡的感恩事件（人生感恩組），研究者認為當高齡者在回憶書寫這些感恩經驗時，可再經驗及品嚐感恩情緒。另有兩組高齡者則分別被要求書寫現在生活中的重要事件（日常要事組）或僅單純回答問卷、不進行其他書寫（無操弄控制組）來做為對照組。研究者對這些不同組別，分別進行分析，探討這些不同操弄對高齡者幸福感是否有提升的作用。研究結果顯示，經過七週的書寫後，相較於「無操弄控制組」，「日常感恩組」在正向情緒上有提升的現象，但在生活滿意度及負向情緒則未出現明顯差異。進一步分析顯示，幸福感中正向情緒的提升效果完全透過感恩情緒連動正向情緒而得。然而該效果頗為短暫，在研究結束後於一個月所做的追蹤調查就發現該效果已然消失。研究結果也顯示，「人生感恩組」並未能提升幸福感，其可能的原因或許是因為過去人生的感恩經驗已經太過遙遠，因此無法讓高齡者真正再次經驗到感恩情緒，所以也無法有效地提升個體的幸福感。另外，研究者也發現了一個頗為有趣的結果，就是「日常要事組」造成的影響與「日常感恩組」相似，研究者認為之所以會出現這樣的結果，主要是因為「日常要事組」的受試者其所書寫的「要事」多半為正向事件，因此提高了其幸福的感受。
綜合上述兩個研究的結果，研究者認為，感恩及正向回憶形式對高齡者是否能有較佳的幸福感確實有一定程度的影響，且若能引導高齡者多注意其日常生活中值得感恩的事情或是正向事件，將能使其感受到更多的正向情緒，也有助於幸福感的提升。換言之，即使到了老年階段，只要用對了方法，要擁有幸福快樂的銀髮生涯其實並不難！
This research, adopting positive emotion, negative emotion, and life satisfaction as the criteria of subjective well-being, tried to examine the effects of grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence on successful aging.
In study1, the researcher proposed that grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence, among other life situation variables which changed with age (e.g., health condition, functions of daily life, economic status, and social activities), could predict the well-being of the elderly. Three hundred and thirty five participants who are over the age of 55 were surveyed in groups or individually. The results were as predicted, grateful disposition and the positive type of reminiscence could predict the well-being of the elderly, even after controlling for some basic life situation variables, they still could explain 6.0% and 9.6% of variance respectively. The mediation effects were also examined and results indicated that, (1) "the positive type of reminiscence” could completely mediate the effects of grateful disposition on positive and negative emotion, but only partially mediated the effects of grateful disposition on life satisfaction; (2) “grateful emotion” completely mediated the effect of grateful disposition on positive emotion, and partially mediated the effect of grateful disposition on life satisfaction, but did not mediate the effect of grateful disposition on negative emotion. Furthermore, these two mediator variables, the positive type of reminiscence and grateful emotion, had its own specific mediating effect, and could not replace each other.
In Study 2, an experiment was conducted to examine the causal relationship between grateful emotion and well-being of the elderly. Seventy five elders who actively participated in life-long education classes were recruited. They were assigned to one of four different experimental conditions and received different instructions. The first condition was called the daily gratitude condition and participants were told to write down the grateful experience from their current daily lives. The second condition was called the life gratitude condition and participants were asked to recall the grateful events from their past. Participants in the third condition were told to write down their daily important events. In the last condition, which is also the control condition, participants were asked to fill up questionnaires only. The results indicated that, after seven weeks of writing, the elderly in the daily gratitude condition had significant more positive emotion than those who in the control condition. However, the effect was quite short-lived and it disappeared one month later after the writing manipulation. The results also indicated that writing down grateful events from the past did not enhance the subjective well-being, the elderly in the condition showed neither significantly higher positive emotion nor higher life satisfaction than those who in the control condition. It might be because these events were too far away to elicit the present emotion and feeling effectively. In addition, the result also revealed an interesting finding about the daily important events group. The elderly in this condition showed same degree of positive emotion and well-being as those who in the daily gratitude condition. It might be due to the fact that the elders who were asked to write down important daily events did record more positive events than negative events.
In summary, it can be concluded that, gratitude and the positive type of reminiscence did have impact on the well-being of the elderly. We can successfully promote the elders’ well-being by leading them to savor their daily grateful events. We believe, even stepping into elderhood, people are still capable of pursuing their own well-being and can live a good life, if only they choose the right way! |
| Reference: | 中文部分
古育臣（2010）。《宗教活動與宗教信仰對老年憂鬱情緒與幸福感之影響》。玄奘大學應用心理學系未發表之碩士論文。
江亮演（1990）。〈快樂老人的社區參與〉。《快樂的老人》，第4卷，頁249-289。
邢占軍（2002）。〈主觀幸福感研究：對幸福的實證探索〉。《理論學刊》，9（5），頁57-60。
李新民、陳密桃（2009）。〈大學生感恩學習介入方案成效分析：拓延建構理論假設的考驗〉。《課程與教學季刊》，12（2），頁107-134。
林莉芳（2006）。《感恩經驗與目標設定對幸福感效應之研究》。屏東教育大學教育心理與輔導研究所未發表之碩士論文。
花茂棽、朱怡娟（2001）。〈日常生活功能量表修改版〉。台北：台灣大學心理學系。
柯永河（1994）。習慣心理學：寫在晤談椅上四十年之後（理論篇）。台北：張老師。
高麗雯（2005）。《大學生的感恩心與知覺支持之相關硏究》。政治大學心理學硏究所未發表之碩士論文。
黃國彥主編（1994）。《老人教育》。教育部社會教育司/師大書苑出版。
黃富順（2004）。〈第一章 緒論〉。見黃富順（著）：《高齡學習》，頁3-18。台北：五南。
黃富順、林麗惠、梁芷瑄（2008）。《我國屆齡退休及高齡者參與學習需求意向調查》。教育部委託專案計畫。台北：教育部。
賴威岑（2001）。《台灣地區中小學教師心理幸福特質之探討－與其他職業做比較》。台東師範學院教育研究所未發表之碩士論文。
羅忠麟、張雷、侯杰泰、劉紅雲（2004）。〈中介效應檢驗程序及其應用〉。《心理學報》，36，頁614-620。
英文部分
Andrew, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being: Americans’ Perceptions of Life Quality. New York: Plenum Press.
Argyle, M. (1999). Correlates and consequences of happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 353-373). New York, NY: Sage.
Arthaud-day, M. L., Rode, J. C., Mooney, C. H., & Near, J. P. (2005). The subjective well-being construct: A test of its convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Social Indicators Research, 74, 445-476.
Baikie, K. A., & Wilhelm, K. (2005). Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 338-346.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Barkan, S. E., & Greenwood, S. F. (2003). Religious attendance and subjective well-being among older Americans: Evidence From The General Social Survey. Review of Religious Research, 45(2), 116-129.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the current structure of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967-984.
Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2002). Emotionally charged autobiographical memories across the life span: The recall of happy, sad, traumatic, and involuntary memories. Psychology & Aging, 17, 636-652.
Boehm, J. K., Lyubomirsky, S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans. Cognition & Emotion, 25, 1263-1272.
Bohlmeijer, E., Smit, F., & Cuijpers, P. (2003). Effects of reminiscence and life review on late-life depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 1088-1094.
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Roemer, M., Phd, P. C., & Smit, F. (2007). The effects of life-review on life-satisfaction and well-being: results of a meta-analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 11, 291-300.
Bryant, F. B. (1989). A four-factor model of perceived control: Avoiding, coping, obtaining and savouring. Journal of Personality, 57, 773-797.
Bryant, F. B., & Veroff, J. (2006). Savoring: A new model of positive experience. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2004). The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(2), 150-163.
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26, 65-76.
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7, 331-338.
Carstensen, L. L. (2006). The Influence of a sense of time on human development. Sience 30, 312, 1913-1915.
Carstensen, L. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). Influence of HIV status and age on cognitive representations of other. Health Psychology, 17, 494-503.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54, 165-181.
Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644-655.
Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 310-324.
Charles, S. T., Reynolds, C. A., & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of personality and social psychology, 80, 136-151.
Chen, L. H., Chen, M. Y., Kee, Y. H., & Tsai, Y. M. (2009). Validation of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ) in Taiwanese undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 655-664.
Chen, L. H., & Kee, Y. H. (2008). Gratitude and adolescent athletes’ well-being. Social Indicators Research, 89, 361-373.
Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Weiner, B. (2003). Discrete emotions in later life. The Journals of Gerontology, 58, 23-34.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1988). Mood and the mundane: Relations between daily life events and self-reported mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 296-308.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed, pp. 284-288). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. D. (2006). Positive affect and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 122-125.
Coleman, P. G. (1986). Ageing and Reminiscence Processes: Social and Clinical Implications. New York : Wiley.
Conway, M. A. (1992). A structural model of autobiographical memory. In M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, & W. A. Wagenaar (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 167-194). Dordrecht, The etherlands: Kluwer Academic Press.
Conway, M. A. (1996). Autobiographical knowledge and autobiographical memories. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Rememberring our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 67-93). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Conway, M. A. (2002). Sensory-perceptual episodic memory and its context: autobiographical memory. In A. Baddeley, J. P. Aggleton, & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Episodic memory : new directions in research (pp. 53-70). New York: Oxford University Press.
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288.
Conway, M. A., & Rubin, D. C. (1993). The structure of autobiographical memory, In A. E. Collins, S. E. Gathercole, M. A. Conway, & P. E. Morris (Eds.), Theories of Memory (pp. 103-137). Hove, England: Erlbaum.
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7, 181-185.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., Levine, S., Emmons, R. A. (1985). Intensity and frequency: Dimensions underlying positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1253-1265.
Diener, E., Lucas, R., & Scollon, C. N. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61, 305-314.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). Age and sex effects for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21, 542-546.
Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1998). Age and Subjective Well-Being: An International Analysis. Annual Reviews of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17, 304-324.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
Dunn, J. R., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2005). Feeling and believing: The influence of emotion on trust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 736-748.
Emmons, R. A. (2004). The Psychology of Gratitude: An introduction. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The Psychology of Gratitude (pp. 3-16). New York: Oxford University Press.
Emmons, R. A. (2008). Gratitude, Subjective Well-Being, and the Brain. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-Being (pp. 469-489). New York: The Guilford Press.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Emmons, R. A., McCullough, M. E., & Tsang, J. A. (2003). The assessment of gratitude. In S. J. Lopez, & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychology assessment: A handbook of models and measures. (pp. 327-341). Washington: American Psychological Association.
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York: International Universities press.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
Featherstone, M., & Wernick, A. (1995). Images of Ageing: Cultural Representations of Later Life. Sage: London.
Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1207-1221.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2008). Promoting positive affect. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The Science of subjective well-being (pp. 449-468). New York: Guilford Press.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332.
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045-1062.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Kahneman, D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 44-55.
Freund, A. M., & Riediger, M. (2003). Successful aging. In R. M. Lerner, M. A. Easterbrooks, & J. Mistry (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Vol.6. Developmental psychology (pp. 601-628). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Froh, J. J., Fan, J., Emmons, R. A., Bono, G., Huebner, E. S., & Watkins, P. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 311-324.
Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., Ozimkowski, K. M., & Miller, N. (2009). Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents? Examining positive affect as a moderator. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 408-422.
Froh, J. J., Yurkewicz, C., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009).Gratitude and subjective well-being in early adolescence: Examining gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 633-650.
Gatz, M., Johansson, B., Pedersen, N., Berg, S., & Reynolds, C. (1993). A cross-national self-report measure of depressive symptomatology. International Psychogeriatrics, 5, 147-156.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Estabrook, R., Schupp, J., Wagner, G. G., & Lindenberger, U. (2008). Life satisfaction shows terminal decline in old age: Longitudinal evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Developmental Psychology, 44, 1148-1159.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Mayraz, G., Hidajat, M., Lindenberger, U., Wagner, G. G. et al. (2010). Late-Life Decline in Well-Being Across Adulthood in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States: Something Is Seriously Wrong at the End of Life. Psychology and Aging, 25, 477-485.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Röcke, C., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2008). Decline in life satisfaction in old age: Longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death. Psychology and Aging, 23, 154-168.
Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Scipio, C., Ediako, S. M., & Orringer, E. (2004). Daily mood and stress predict pain, health care use, and work activity in African American adults with sickle-cell disease. Health Psychology, 23, 267-274.
Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Tsai, J., Skorpen, C. G., & Hsu, Y. C. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12, 590-599.
Grühn, D., Scheibe, S., & Baltes, P. B. (2007). Reduced negativity effect in older adults` memory for emotional pictures: The heterogeneity-homogeneity list paradigm. Psychology and Aging, 22, 644-649.
Grühn, D., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (2005). No aging bias favoring memory for positive material: Evidence from a heterogeneity–homogeneity list paradigm using emotionally toned words. Psychology and Aging, 20, 579-588.
Hareven, T. K. (1995). Changing images of aging and the social construction of the life course. In M. Featherstone & A. Wernick (Eds.), Images of Aging (pp. 119-134). London: Routledge.
Hilleras, P. K., Jorm, A. F., Herlitz, A., & Winblad, B. (1998). Negative and positive affect among the very old: A survey on a sample age 90 years or older. Research on Aging, 20, 593-610.
Holland, C. A., & Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1990). Autobiographical and text recall in the elderly : An investigation of a processing resource deficit. The Quarterly journal of experimental Psychology: Human Experimental psychology, 42, 441- 470.
Hyland, D. T., & Ackerman, S. M. (1988). Reminiscence and autobiographical memory in the study of the personal past. Journal of Gerontology, 43, 35-39.
Johnson, T. R. (1995). The significance of religion for aging well. American Behavioral Scientist, 39, 186-208.
Kahn, R. L., & Juster, F. T. (2002). Well-being: Concepts and measures. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 627-644.
Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
Kennedy, Q., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15, 208-214.
Kessler, R. C., Foster, C., Webster, P. S., & House, J. S. (1992). The relationship between age and depressive symptoms in two national surveys. Psychology and Aging, 7, 119-126.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007-1022.
Kunzmann, U., Little, T. D., & Smith, J. (2000). Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 15, 511-526.
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Braithwaite, S. R., Graham, S. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2009). Can prayer increase gratitude? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(3), 139-149.
Lamdin, L., & Fugate, M. (1997). Elder learning: New Frontier in an aging society. Arizona: The Oryx Press.
Langens, T. A., & Schüler, J. (2007). Effects of written emotional expression: The role of positive expectancies. Health Psychology, 26(2), 174-182.
Larsen, R. J., & Prizmic, Z. (2008). Regulation of emotional well-being: Overcoming the hedonic treadmill. In M. Eid, & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-being (pp. 258-289). New York: The Guilford Press.
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maitaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9, 176-186.
Lawton, M. P., DeVoe, M. R., & Parmelee, P. (1995). Relationship of events and affect in the daily life of an elderly population. Psychology and Aging, 10, 469-477.
Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passion and reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lee, W. W. T. (2007). Effects of grateful disposition, gender and gratitude condition towards psychological well-being.(網路手稿)
Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L. E., & Janowsky, J. S. (2004). Age related changes in emotional memory. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 1117-1124.
Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., Friesen, W. V., & Ekman, P. (1991). Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age. Psychology and Aging, 6, 28-35.
Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and AM: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychology and Aging, 17, 677-689.
Liberman, V., Boehm, J. K., Lyubomirsky, S., & Ross, L. (2009). Happiness and memory: Affective significance of endowment and contrast. Emotion, 9, 666-680.
Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616-628.
Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Boehm, J. K., & Sheldon, K. M. (2011). Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion, 11(2), 391-402.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life`s triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692-708.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Tucker, K. L. (1998). Implication of individual difference in subjective happiness of perceiving, interpreting, and thinking about life envents. Motivation and Emotion, 22, 155-186.
Mather, M., Canli, T., English, T. S., Whitfield, S., Wais, P., Ochsner, K. et al. (2004). Amygdala responses to emotionally valenced stimuli in older and younger adults. Psychological Science, 15, 259-263.
Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces. Psychological Science, 14, 409-415.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Gomberg-Kaufman, S., & Blainey, K. (1991). A broader conception of mood experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 100-111.
McCullough, M. E., Bellah, C. G., Kilpatrick, S. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, wellbeing, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601-610.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540-557.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. V. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266.
McCullough, M. E. Tsang, J.-A., & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295-309.
Merriam, S. B. (1993). Butler’s life review: How universal is it? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37, 163-175.
Merriam, S. B., & Cross, L. H. (1982). Adulthood and reminiscence: A descriptive study. Educational Gerontology, 8, 275-290.
Miller, T. (1995). How to want what you have: Discovering the magic and grandeur of ordinary existence. New York: Avan.
Moberg, D. O. (1993). Religion and Aging. In J. Johnson & R. Slater. (Eds.), Aging and Later Life (pp. 221-227). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Moskowitz, J. T., Folkman, S., & Acree, M. (2003). Do positive psychological states shed light on recovery from bereavement？Findings from a 3-year longitudinal study. Death Studies, 27, 471-500.
Mroczek, D. K. (2001). Age and emotion in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 87-90.
Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333-1349.
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A. III. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the veterans affairs normative aging study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189-202.
Myers, D. (1992). The pursuit of happiness: Who is happy - and why. New York, NY: Morrow.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569-582.
Novak, M. (1985). Successful Aging: The Myths Realities and Future of Aging in Canada. Ontario: Penguin Books.
Nuland, S. B. (2008).《老化的藝術》（或譯作《一個外科醫師的抗老秘方》）（莊安祺譯）。台北：時報文化出版。原著出版於2007。
Ong, A. D., & Allaire, J. C. (2005). Cardiovascular intraindividual variability in later life: The influence of social connectedness and positive emotions. Psychology and Aging, 20, 476-485.
Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. (1988). The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge University Press.
Ostir, G. V., Ottenbacher, K. J., & Markides, K. S. (2004). Onset of frailty in older adults and the protective role of positive affect. Psychology and aging, 19, 402-408.
Otake, K., Shimai, S., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Otsui, K., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Happy people become happier through kindness: A counting kindnesses intervention. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 361-375.
Overwalle, F. V., Mervielde, I., & de Schuyter, J. (1995). Structural modeling of the relationships between attributional dimensions, emotion, and performance of college freshmen. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 59-85.
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. (2004). Strengths of character and well being. Journal of Science and Clinical Psychology, 23, 603-619.
Parkinson, B., Briner, R. B., Reynolds, S., & Totterdell, P. (1995). Time frames for mood: Relations between momentary and generalized ratings of affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 331-339.
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of clinical psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues : a handbook and classification. New York : Oxford University Press.
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A Meta-Analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15, 187-224.
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 925-971.
Reisenzein, R. (1994). Pleasure-arousal theory and the intensity of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 525-539.
Roberts, C. R. (2004). The blessings of gratitude. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The Psychology of Gratitude (pp. 58-78). New York: Oxford University Press.
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002a). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 934- 960.
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002b). Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self report: Evidence for two judgment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 1520-1532.
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998). Level of analysis and the organization of affect. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 247-270.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1987). Human aging: usual and successful. Science, 237, 143-149.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. Gerontologist, 37, 433-440.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1998). The structure of successful aging. In J. W. Rowe & R. L. Kahn (Eds.), Successful Aging (pp. 36-52). NY: Dell Publishing.
Russell, J. A. (1980). The circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive affect and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3-30.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. ( 2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65, 14-23.
Schimmack, U. (1997). The Berlin Everyday Language Mood Inventory (BELMI): Toward the content valid assessment of moods. Diagnostica, 43, 150-173.
Schimmack, U. (2008). The structure of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The Science of Subjective Well-being (pp. 97-123). New York: The Guilford Press.
Schimmack, U., & Reisenzein, R. (1997). Cognitive processes involved in similarity judgments of emotion concepts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 645-661.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523.
Seidlitz, L., & Diener, E. (1993). Memory for positive versus negative life events: Theories for the differences between happy and unhappy persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 654-663.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410-421.
Serrano, J. P., Latorre, J. M., Gatz, M., & Montañés, J. P. (2004). Life review therapy using autobiographical retrieval practice for older adults with depressive symptomatology. Psychology and Aging, 19, 272-277.
Sheldon K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006a). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 1(2), 73-82.
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006b). Achieving sustainable gains in happiness: Change your actions, not your circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 55-86.
Shum, M. S. (1998). The role of temporal landmarks in autobiographical memory processes. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 423-44.
Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1993). Differential psychological ageing: Profiles of the old and very old. Ageing and Society, 13, 551-587.
Smith, J., Fleeso. W., Geiselmann. B., Settersten. R., & Kunzmann. U.(1999). Sources of Well-being in old age. In P. B. Baltes & K. U. Mayer (Eds.), The Berlin Aging Study: Aging from 70 to 100 (pp. 450-471). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 174-184.
Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Life reflection: A social-cognitive analysis of life review. Review of General Psychology, 5, 148-160.
Steel, P., & Ones, D. (2002). Personality and happiness: A national level of analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 767-781.
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 138-161.
Stein, N. L., Folkman, S., Trabasso, T., & Richards, T. A. (1997). Appraisal and goal processes as predictors of psychological well-being in bereaved caregivers. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 72, 872-884.
Storm, C., & Storm, T. (1987). A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 805-816.
Strack, F., Schwarz, N., & Gschneidinger, E. (1985). Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(6), 1460-1469.
Tesser, A., Gatewood, R., & Driver, M. (1968). Some determinants of gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 233-236.
Toepfer, S. M., & Walker, K. (2009). Letters of gratitude: Improving well-being through expressive writing. Journal of Writing Research, 1(3), 181-198.
Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B. K., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 288-307.
Tsai, J. L., Levenson, R. W., & Carstensen, L. L. (2000). Autonomic, expressive, and subjective responses to emotional films in older and younger Chinese American and European American adults. Psychology and Aging, 15, 684-693.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of Memory (pp. 381-403). New York: Academic Press.
Urry, H. L., van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Kalin, N. H., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S. et al. (2006). Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal patterm of cortisol secretion among older adults. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 4415-4425.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). World database of happiness: Correlates of happiness: 7,837 findings from 603 studies in 69 nations 1911–1994 (Vols.1-3). Rotterdam, the Netherlands: Erasmus University Rotterdam.
Walker, L. J., & Pitts, R. C. (1998). Naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity. Developmental Psychology, 34, 403-419.
Watkins, P. C. (2004). Gratitude and subjective well-being. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The Psychology of Gratitude (pp. 167-192). New York: Oxford University Press.
Watkins, P. C., Cruz, L., Holben, H., & Kolts, R. L. (2008). Taking care of business? Grateful processing of unpleasant memories. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 87-99.
Watkins, P. C., Grimm, D. L., & Kolts, R. (2004). Counting your blessings: Positive memories among grateful persons. Current Psychology, 23, 52-67.
Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431-452.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). Nice to know you: Positive emotions, self-other overlap, and complex understanding in the formation of a new relationship, Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 93-106.
Webster, J. D. (1993). Construction and validation of the Reminiscence Functions Scale. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, 256-262.
Webster, J. D. (1994). Predictors of reminiscence: A lifespan perspective. Canadian Journal on Aging, 13, 66-78.
Webster, J. D. (1997). The Reminiscence Functions Scale: A replication. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 44, 137-148.
Webster, J., McCall, M. (1999). Reminiscence functions across adulthood: A replication and extension. Journal of Adult Development, 6, 73-85.
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548-573.
Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs, and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194.
Whittington, B. L., & Scher, S. J. (2010). Prayer and subjective well-being: An examination of six different types of prayer. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20, 59-68.
Williams L. M., Brown, K. J., Palmer, D., Liddell, B. J., Kemp, A. H., Olivieri, G., et al. (2006). The mellow years? Neural basis of improving emotional stability over age. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6422-6430.
Wong, P., & Watt, L. (1991). What types of reminiscence are associated with successful aging? Psychology and Aging, 6, 272-279.
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., Maltby, J. (2008). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 49-54.
Worthen, V. E., & Isakson, R. L. (2007). The Therapeutic value of experiencing and expressing gratitude. Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy, 31, 33-46.
Wu, C. H., Chen, I. H., & Tsai, Y. M. (2009a). Investigating important weighting of satisfaction score from formative model with partial least squares analysis. Social Indicators Research, 90, 351-363.
Wu, C. H., Chen, I. H., & Tsai, Y. M. (2009b). Longitudinal invariance analysis of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 396-401.
Wu, C. H., & Yao, G. (2006). Analysis of factorial invariance across gender in the Taiwan version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1259-1268. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
92752501
100 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0092752501 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [心理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 250101.pdf | | 273Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 954 | View/Open | | 250102.pdf | | 1699Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1557 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
