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| Title: | 歷史的傷痕記憶——金斯伯格《險峻的路程》：女集中營回憶錄 |
| Other Titles: | A Traumatic Memory of History: Ginzburg’s A Difficult Journey and Women’s Writing of Camp Memoirs |
| Authors: | 劉心華
Liu, Shin-Hwa |
| Contributors: | 斯語系 |
| Keywords: | 傷痕文學;女集中營回憶錄;女性自傳體小說;地下刊物
dissident literature;women`s camp memoirs;women`s autobiography;underground publications |
| Date: | 2010-09 |
| Issue Date: | 2015-02-11 11:37:50 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 1930年代的蘇聯政府為了建立嚴苛的正統性，在肅反運動中，清除了許多政治異議者和文化知識分子，由此也製造出一種特殊的監獄經驗和一系列由政治受害者所寫的回憶錄，尤其在史達林時代為甚。當中有無數女性不是喪失所愛就是自己被捕、監禁或流放。史達林去世之後的解凍時期，許多女作家陸續藉著地下出版，寫下她們的苦難，控訴史達林野蠻專制對她們自身、親人或朋友的迫害；這些歷史的傷痕記憶雖無法呈現在國家正史上，卻是最為真實的血淚。女作家葉芙戈尼雅 • 金斯伯格 (Евгения С. Гинзбург, 1904-1977)，就同諾貝爾文學獎作家索忍尼辛 (Алекса́ндр И. Солжени́цын, 1918-2008) 一樣，以俄國傳統反抗式自傳體小說的寫作，控訴當年對人權肆意侵犯所謂進步的、主流的、威權的意識形態。當她們被非法審判，被丟入監獄和集中營時，這些女作家以自身的處境，控訴當權階級的罪行，並促使她們重新評價社會與國家的歷史。蘇聯解體後，俄羅斯出版界重新發行這些作品，拼湊蘇聯時代這段傷痕歷史的記憶，成為文壇上一種特殊女性自傳體小說的標誌。本論文擬透過葉芙戈尼雅．金斯伯格的長篇小說《險峻的路程》(Крутой маршрут 1988)，探討女性自傳體小說：女集中營回憶錄的書寫特色及內容。在回憶錄中，作者以異於男性異議作家創作的手法，並非以自身經驗來反映女政治犯的群體感受，而更著重於個人對整個事件的觀察與感受，表達對男性社會意志的反省與抗拒。小說中深刻描述了時間、空間與個人的內在關係、女性身體、母親與孩子間的關係、兒童之家等主題，呈現了當時女集中營的生活圖像；她用女性式的、人與人之間的、主觀的和直接的方式表達經驗。\\r美國性別文學研究學者Barbara Heldt在探討金斯伯格的作品時，融入了對性別的考量，比較金斯伯格與索忍尼辛的手法時說道：「金斯伯格在描寫難堪的殘忍時，也可以找到人的心靈：這是她主要的目標。她不斷地和其他受害者聯繫，不僅賜予他人生命，更給予自己求生的勇氣。」
When the Soviet state settled into its own rigid, exclusionary orthodoxy in the 1930s, the purgation swept the ranks of political and cultural intelligentsia, during the Stalin period in particular, and it led to a wide range of prison experiences of political victims some of which are depicted in their memoirs. Among the victims, countless women were either bereaved of their beloved ones or were themselves arrested, imprisoned, and exiled. With the intermittent “thaw” after Stalin’s death, many female writers felt it necessary to write down their ordeals as witness to the persecution of their families and friends. This painful memory could not be reflected in the “official” history of the nation, but it was a historical reality.The female writer Evgeniia Ginzburg, like the Nobel Prize winning writer Solzhenitsyn, writes in the Russian tradition of oppositional autobiography which is directed against the reckless violation of human rights by the so-called progressive, dominate, authoritative ideology. As they were illegally judged deviant and thrown into the prisons and camps, these female writers, in accusation of the criminality of the authority, were in a position to examine the Stalin government’s unjust assignation and to reevaluate the political system as well as the national history. These literary works, which were continuously published after the collapse of the USSR in 1991, pieced together the traumatic memory of Soviet history, have gained a special significance in the genre of Russian women’s autobiography.The paper takes the Evgeniia Ginzburg’s novel A Difficult Journey (1988) as a representative literary piece to probe into the characteristics of the literary tradition of Russian women’s autobiography, namely, the women’s camp memoirs. In this novel, instead of relating a case history of one exemplary figure’s trek narrated by male dissident writers, in whose works one speaks for the many, in A Difficult Journey it is emphatically one woman speaking as one of the many who refused to follow the collective will of man’s autocratic decision-making. The novel touches upon the topics of the intrinsic relationships between the temporal and the spatial events, woman’s body, mother-child relations, and the children’s home, etc. Ginzburg represents experiences in a relatively interpersonal, subjective and intuitive way.Barbara Heldt, one of the American scholars who incorporates considerations of gender into the discussion of Ginzburg’s writings, compares the latter’s relational approach to the Solzhenitsyn’s heroic, self-confident one: “Ginzburg, while describing the most abject inhumanities, also seeks and finds the human spirit: this is her ‘great aim.’ Her continual forging of links with other human beings … gave life to others and surviving strength to herself.” |
| Relation: | 文化越界, 1(4), 97-119 |
| Data Type: | article |
| Appears in Collections: | [斯拉夫語文學系] 期刊論文
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